Indications: Surgical planes: Lowa/Iowa/Weinstein-Ponseti (Anteromedial) Ludloff (Anteromedial) Ferguson (Posteromedial) Developed in 1979 1908 1973 Superficial interval Between sartorius (anterior) and adductor longus (posterior) Between sartorius (anterior) and adductor longus (posterior) Between adductor longus (anterior) and gracilis (posterior) Deep interval Between femoral neurovascular bundle (anterior) and pectineus (posterior) Between pectineus (anterior)…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Floating Knee – Quick Review
The term “floating knee,” introduced by Blake and McBryde in 197 is used to describe fractures of the ipsilateral femur and tibia. Fractures can occur anywhere along the femur and the tibia and must occur in both bones to be considered a floating knee injury. Classification of Floating Knee Types…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Ipsilateral Femoral Neck and Shaft Fracture
General Treatment Options 1. Reconstruction/cephalomedullary nail 2. Plate + screw/DHS fixation Other strategies include: Which Fracture First? For a displaced femoral neck fracture, reduction and temporary stabilization with guidewires can prevent further displacement. A practical sequence is: Stabilizing the shaft can facilitate reduction of the displaced neck fracture and help…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Infiltration Anaesthesia: Principles, Technique, and Practical Considerations
Infiltration anaesthesia is one of the simplest and most useful techniques of local anaesthesia, particularly when resources are limited or when general anaesthesia is undesirable. It can be used alone for minor procedures or combined with regional nerve blocks for larger operations. Common applications include wound suturing, circumcision, excision of…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Axillary Block : Landmark Technique
Indications: Surgeries distal to and including patient’s elbow Contraindications: Dose: 0.5% bupivacaine and/or 2% lignocaine with adrenaline (below calculated maximum doses) + NS Equipment: Use a 0.8 X 40 mm needle Method: Pitfalls: Reference: Primary Anaesthesia – Edited by Maurice King
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
MRI Basics Made Easy
Physics behind MRI has been explained here: The strength of signal depends on proton density and two relaxation times T1 and T2. T1 depends on the time proton takes to return to axis of magnetic field and T2 is the time proton takes to dephase. Most of the pathological lesions…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Postoperative Febrile Morbidity After Myomectomy
Definition of febrile morbidity: Variable Temperature ≥38°c measured at least twice at an interval of at least 6 hours apart, except within the first 24 hours postoperative. It has also been defined as a body temperature of 38.0 °C or higher, taken by mouth as a standard technique at least…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
How Plastic Leachables Affect Drug Discovery Research And How to Mitigate the Risk
Imagine a small-molecule compound that performs exceptionally well in early-stage biochemical assays, only to produce inconsistent or anomalous results when the study is repeated under slightly different conditions. Before questioning the compound itself, researchers often overlook a silent variable: the plastic consumables used throughout the workflow. Tubes, plates, and flasks…