Paraplegia in extension and paraplegia in flexion occur only after the spinal shock has ceased. Paraplegia in extension indicates an increase in the extensor muscle…
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Nervous system
Tinel Sign
Synonyms: Hoffman-Tinel test, Tinel’s sign, Nerve percussion test Definition: “pins and needle feeling” elicited by tapping on a nerve proximally, with resulting paresthesia experienced in the…
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Nerve fibers – Classification
Nerve fibers can be classified as A, B and C and A type fibers can be further classified into alpha, beta, gamma and delta. The…
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CNS examination long case: How to prepare
Central nervous system (CNS) examination is the most difficult thing to complete within a time limit during final exam and the dilemma is that, most…
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Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) : Budapest Criteria
Synonyms: CRPS, Sudeck’s atrophy, Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, RSD, Causalgia Chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a neuropathic pain syndrome that involves both peripheral and central…
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Development of Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri) is derived from 2 sources. The anterior lobe is an upgrowth of ectoderm from the roof of the stomodeum (primitive buccal cavity), while the…
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Bulbocavernosus Reflex (BCR)
Synonyms: Bulbospongiosus reflex (BSR), Osinski reflex Reflex arc: a. Stimulus: Briskly squeezing glans penis or clitoris or Tugging Foley’s catheter (pulling the balloon of foley’s…
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The Use of Stem Cell Treatment in Patients with Cerebral Palsy
At present, nearly 10,000 babies are born with cerebral palsy (CP) every year, with an estimated 764,000 children and adults displaying at least one symptom of the…
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