Swelling and pain at injection site after vaccination is a frequently observed problem by parents and is often of concern to them. These type of…
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Immunology
Cluster of Differentiation (CD Markers) Mnemonics
“CD” in immunology stands for Cluster of Differentiation and includes cell surface markers that can be detected by lab technique called flow cytometry. Well, we…
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HLA association mnemonics
The genes that encode HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) are on chromosome 6. MHC class Type Location Function I HLA-A, -B, -C All cells Recognized by…
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Interpreting Hepatitis B Serology in 5 Easy steps
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) Appears during incubation period (1-6 months), 2-7 weeks prior to symptoms. Peaks when the patient is most ill. Becomes undetectable…
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Leukocyte Adhesion Cascade and Defect
Capture or Tethering Increased vascular permeability and vasodilation are mediated by inflammatory mediators like histamine released by inflammatory cells in response to PAMPs expressed by…
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VDJ (Somatic) Recombination Made Easy
Many students feel that, this is one of the most difficult to explain topic in Immunology. Here, we will try to explain the process and…
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Complement System Simplified
The complement system is composed of about 20 different proteins released into the blood after production in the liver. They interact in coordinated and regulated way…
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