The term counter-current means flow in opposite direction. The renal counter-current mechanism comprises of: Flow of filtrate in opposite direction in nephron loop (down the…
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Physiology
Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve : Mnemonic
The oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve is sigmoidal in shape because the binding of 1st oxygen molecule is difficult, however once bound, they facilitate the binding…
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Nerve fibers – Classification
Nerve fibers can be classified as A, B and C and A type fibers can be further classified into alpha, beta, gamma and delta. The…
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Physiology of Pulmonary Surfactant
Origin Type II alveolar cells/pneumocytes (small but numerous) and Lamellar bodies (appear in Type II pneumocytes at around the 20th week of gestation) Type I…
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Bulbocavernosus Reflex (BCR)
Synonyms: Bulbospongiosus reflex (BSR), Osinski reflex Reflex arc: a. Stimulus: Briskly squeezing glans penis or clitoris or Tugging Foley’s catheter (pulling the balloon of foley’s…
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Micturition reflex
Micturition (Urination) is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. It is a type of…
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Visual cycle – Simplified
11-cis-retinal combines with opsin protein to form rhodopsin. Light stimulates conversion of rhodopsin bound 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinol (all-trans-retinol is transported from photoreceptor cells to retinal…
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Hematopoietic growth factors list with mnemonics
a. SCF (Steel factor): Multipontent stem cells b. IL-3: Myeloid stem cells (“3” turned down looks like “m“) c. IL-7: Lymphoid stem cell (“L” turned…
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