Thiocolchicoside is widely used in acute muscular low back pain due to its fast-acting and less sedative profile. Tizanidine is better suited for chronic cases but requires monitoring due to sedative and hepatic effects. Baclofen is more useful for spasticity of CNS origin and is less commonly used for routine…
Tag: Pharmacology
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Antibiofilm Antibiotics
Biofilms are immobile microbial communities which colonize and grow on surfaces of medical implants such as sutures, catheters and implants, by self-produced extracellular polymeric substances and cause infections which can only be treated by their removal. It provides additional resistance to the bacteria by various mechanisms like altered pH, osmolarity,…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Rifampicin : Mnemonic
Synonym: Rifampin Mnemonic: RIFAMPIN R: RNA polymerase inhibition I: Induces CYP450 F: Flu-like symptoms, Fluid (sweat, urine, tears, saliva) discoloration A: AST/ALT elevation (Hepatotoxicity is a possible complication) M: Mycobacteria (M. Tuberculosis, M. Leprae, MAI treatment) and Meningitis (N. Meningitidis prophylaxis for close contacts) P: Penetrates granuloma, biofilm and blood-brain-barrier,…
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Retatrutide Peptide: A Multifaceted Tool in Metabolic and Cellular Research
Studies suggest that Retatrutide is an emerging peptide of considerable interest in the domain of metabolic research due to its complex pharmacological profile. Research indicates that with multiple functional properties, Retatrutide might offer a promising avenue for understanding metabolic processes, energy homeostasis, and various cellular mechanisms. This article explores the…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Antidepressants : Mnemonics
Classification and Mechanism of Action Acronyms: Mnemonic: TRIM 3N 3S Class Mechanism Drugs Side effects TCA Blocks reuptake of 5-HT, NA & other receptors (H1, ACh, α1, Voltage sensitive Na+ channel) Mnemonic: ANTI-DeP-C1. Amitryptiline, Amoxapine2. Nortryptiline3. Trimipramine4. Imipramine5. Doxepin, Desipramine, Dothiepin6. Protryptiline7. Clomipramine M1 blockade: Muscarinic anticholinergic side-effects α1 blockade:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Drug Elimination Kinetics : Mnemonics
Zero-order First-order Amount of drug eliminated per unit time Constant amount Constant fraction (Mnemonic: first = fraction) Rate of elimination with plasma concentration Independent Directly proportional (greater the drug, greater is elimination) Elimination Capacity-limited, i.e. liver/kidney are saturated/maxed out on how much they can eliminate Flow-limited, i.e. liver/kidney are not…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Antiarrhythmics Classification (Vaughan Williams)
Understand the conducting system of heart, cardiac action potential and pacemaker action potential. Mnemonic to remember Vaughan Williams classification for anti-arrhythmic – Some Block Potassium Channel DAAM! Mnemonic Class Mechanism of action Comments Example Use Some IA Sodium channel blocker (moderate)Intermediate action Moderate ↓ phase 0 slope↑ EFR & AP…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
HIV Replication and Antiretroviral Drugs
HIV Replication and Antiretroviral Mechanism of Action Mnemonic: AFRITAB 1. Attachment (to CD4 cells) 2. Fusion (enters CD4 cells and dump it’s contents – RNA and reverse transcriptase) 3. Reverse transcription (1 strand RNA becomes 2 strand DNA) 4. Integration (HIV DNA integrates into human’s CD4 cell’s DNA) 5. Transcription…