Micturition (Urination) is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. It is a type of…
Explore more Micturition reflex
Renal and Electroloyte
A Child with Fever, Diarrhea, AKI, Hematuria, Altered senosrium and Anemia
Case Scenario A 3 year boy form Western region presented at Emergency Room in a state of altered sensorium. The child was well 5 days…
Explore more A Child with Fever, Diarrhea, AKI, Hematuria, Altered senosrium and Anemia
Hyponatremia : SIADH vs Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome
SIADH causes Mnemonic: SIADH Surgery Intracranial – Infection, Head injury, CVA Alveolar – Carcinoma, Pus Drugs – Opiates, Antiepileptics, Cytotoxics, Anti-psychotics Hormonal – Hypothyroid, Low…
Explore more Hyponatremia : SIADH vs Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome
Hyponatremia Correction: Practical Approach
Corrected sodium level When hyperglycemia is present, the underlying sodium concentration (corrected sodium concentration) can be estimated by adding 1.6-2.4 mEq/L (average of 2 mEq/L)…
Explore more Hyponatremia Correction: Practical Approach
Costovertebral or Renal angle tenderness
Synonyms: Murphy’s kidney punch, CVA tenderness (CVAT) Anatomy of Costovertebral angle or Renal angle: Costovertebral angle is formed by the junction of the 12th, or…
Explore more Costovertebral or Renal angle tenderness
Bartter, Gitelmann and Liddle syndrome
The order of the nephron defects in Bartter, Gitelmann and Liddle syndrome follows alphabetical order. Bartter: Thick ascending LOHGitelmann: Distal tubuleLiddle: Collecting duct a. Bartter…
Explore more Bartter, Gitelmann and Liddle syndrome
Wilm’s Tumor (Nephroblastoma) : Quick review
Wilm’s tumor is the most common primary tumor of childhood. Origin: Embryonic nephrogenic (mesodermal) cells Mechanism: Deletion of WT-1 gene on chromosome 11 Pathology: a.…
Explore more Wilm’s Tumor (Nephroblastoma) : Quick review
Most Important Urinary Buffer: Phosphate or Ammonia?
There are multiple choice questions (mcq) which asks: What is the most important urinary buffer? And the choices include both the phosphate and ammonia. Different…
Explore more Most Important Urinary Buffer: Phosphate or Ammonia?