Bilirubin Metabolism Mnemonic: ABCDE 1. Aged RBCs (80-85%) 2. Breakdown to Biliverdin and Bilirubin (in reticuloendothelial system) 3. Circulation 4. Delivery to liver (Conjugation) 5. Excretion and Enterohepatic circulation Unconjugated Vs Conjugated Bilirubin Unconjugated bilirubin Conjugated bilirubin Van den Bergh reaction Indirect Direct Solubility Water insoluble; Lipid soluble Water soluble;…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Internal and External Jugular Veins with Mnemonics
Jugular veins are the veins that take blood from the head to the heart via Superior Venacava (SVC). Internal Jugular Vein (IJV) External Jugular Vein (EJV) Formation (Drains from) Inferior petrosal sinus + Sigmoid sinus (At or just distal to Jugular foramen) Posterior div. of retromandibular vein + Posterior auricular…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Male Reproductive Anatomy : Mnemonics
Penile Layers Mnemonic: ABCD (from inside to outside) 1. Albuginea (tunica albuginea): Envelopes 3 corporal bodies (2 cavernosa and 1 spongiosum) 2. Buck’s fascia: Separates corpora cavernosa from corpus spongiosum; separates superficial and deep dorsal veins of the penis 3. Colle’s fascia: Continuous with Scarpa’s fascia of abdomen and Dartos…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Branches of Celiac trunk, Superior and Inferior mesenteric arteries and veins
Celiac trunk (T12) Mnemonic: LHS (Left Hand Side) Supplies Foregut (Upto opening of bile duct in 2nd part of duodenum) 1. Left gastric artery 2. Hepatic artery (common) 3. Splenic artery Superior Mesenteric Artery (L1) Mnemonic: IMRIS Supplies Midgut (Upto proximal 2/3 of transverse colon) 1. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery 2….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Epiploic foramen of Winslow : Mnemonic
Epiploic foramen is a vertical opening through which lesser sac (omental bursa) communicates with the greater sac (peritoneal cavity proper). It is at the level of T12 vertebra. Boundaries Mnemonic: Epiploic foramen is located between CD and HI. Superior: Caudate process of liver Inferior: Duodenum (1st part) Anterior: Hepatoduodenal ligament…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Liver Anatomy : Mnemonics
Ligaments Mnemonic: TV TFCL 1. True ligaments: 2. False ligaments (Peritoneal folds): Posteroinferior (Visceral) Surface of Liver Anatomical halves are separated by Ligamentum venosum and Ligamentum teres. Vascular halves are separated by IVC and Gall bladder. Caudate lobe and Quadrate lobe: Mnemonic: IVC are in one line Mnemonic: LGBTQ are…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Inferior Venacava (IVC) Tributaries and Abdominal Aorta Branches : Mnemonic
Inferior Venacava (IVC) Tributaries Mnemonic: I Like To Rise So Incredibly High 1. common Iliac veins (L5) – Origin or Formation 2. Lumbar veins (L1-L5) 3. Testicular/gonadal veins – right (L2) 4. Renal veins (L1) 5. Suprarenal veins – right (L1) 6. Inferior phrenic veins (T8) 7. Hepatic veins (T8)…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Cervical Vertebrae Anatomy
Osteology Vertebra Body Spinous process Transverse process Typical (C3-6) Relatively small; oval; uncinate process superiorly Bifid Has foramen transversarium, Has anterior and posterior tubercle separated by groove for spinal nerve (large anterior tubercle in C6 called Carotid/Chassaignac tubercle) Atlas (C1) None; Ring (2 lateral masses connected by anterior & posterior…