Zero-order First-order Amount of drug eliminated per unit time Constant amount Constant fraction (Mnemonic: first = fraction) Rate of elimination with plasma concentration Independent Directly proportional (greater the drug, greater is elimination) Elimination Capacity-limited, i.e. liver/kidney are saturated/maxed out on how much they can eliminate Flow-limited, i.e. liver/kidney are not…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Tension Band Wiring (TBW)
Tension Band Principle A tension band is any device placed on the tension side of an eccentrically loaded fracture that converts tensile load into compressive load. The convex side of the bone is under tension whereas the concave side is under compression. For a tension band to work, the fracture…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Reverse or Baby or Mirrored Bennett’s Fracture
Definition: The fracture-dislocation at the base of the fifth metacarpal analogous to Bennett’s fracture of the thumb Mechanism of injury: Muscle pull and displacement: Consequences of unreduced fracture-dislocation: Possible associations: X-ray views: Treatment: 1. Closed reduction and internal fixation with K-wires 2. Open reduction and internal fixation with K-wires or…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Wormian Bones
Wormian bones are abnormal ossicles that develop from extra ossification centers within the cranium. They are most frequently located in the lambdoid suture or the coronal suture, and have been seen in the fontanelles, particularly the posterior fontanelle. Commonest Cause Idiopathic (Anatomic variant) Other Causes Mnemonic: PORK CHOPS 1. Pyknodyostosis…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
AKI RIFLE Criteria Mnemonic
Stage GFR criteria Urine output criteria Mnemonic 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3 1. Risk Cr ↑ 1.5-2 XGFR ↓ 25-50% (>1/4) <0.5 ml/kg/hr X 6-12 (>1/4 day) 2. Injury Cr ↑ 2-3 XGFR ↓ >50-75% (>2/4) <0.5 ml/kg/hr X >12-24 hrs (>2/4 day) 3. Failure Cr ↑ >3…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Anatomy of Physis (Growth Plate)
Periphery of physis: The physis is connected to the epiphysis and metaphysis peripherally via: Blood supply of physis: There are three sources of blood supply to the physis: the epiphyseal, metaphyseal, and perichondral circulations. Zones of physis: Zones Characteristics Functions Blood supply Diseases Epiphysis Epiphyseal artery Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia (MED) Physis 1….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Wolff’s law and Hueter-Volkmann law
Bone remodeling involves the removal of mineralized bone by osteoclasts followed by the formation of bone matrix through the osteoblasts that subsequently become mineralized. There are 2 prominent concepts of bone remodelling: 1. Hueter-Volkmann law or Delpech’s law: It states that bone growth in the skeletally immature is inhibited in…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Eponyms in Tuberculosis (TB)
Tuberculosis (TB) is a multi-systemic, granulomatous disease caused by the bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is also known as Koch’s bacillus. Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis 1. Ghon focus or lesion: Subpleural fibro-caseous lesion of lung parenchyma (common site is upper part of lower lobe or lower part of upper lobe) 2. Ghon’s…