Superficial cervical fascia Contents: Deep cervical fascia or Fascia colli 1. Investing layer 2. Pretracheal layer 3. Carotid sheath: Formed anteriorly by pretracheal fascia and posteriorly by prevertebral fascia Encloses: Relations: 4. Pharyngobasilar fascia (deep to pharynx): lines the inner surface of pharyngeal muscles 5. Prevertebral layer Spread of Infections…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Posterior Cranial Fossa : Mnemonic
Boundaries Foramina Mnemonic: IJHM (International Journal of Hospitality Management) from lateral to medial 1. Internal acoustic meatus (IAM) 2. Jugular foramen Mnemonic: IPS 9, 10, 11IPS + SS = IJV 3. Hypoglossal canal 4. foramen Magnum Contents Clinical consideration Pediatric posterior fossa tumors: Cerebellar tonsil herniation: Herniation of pons and…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Anterior Cranial Fossa : Mnemonic
Boundaries Contents Mnemonic: Remember 6 ‘C’ 1. Frontal Crest: Site of attachment of falx cerebri 2. Foramen Cecum (Between frontal crest and crista galli): Site of communication between the draining veins of nasal cavity and the superior sagittal sinus 3. Crista galli: Site of attachment for falx cerebri 4. Cribiform…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Interpretation of NCCT head: Normal findings
History: In 1972, Sir Godfrey Hounsfield developed CT scan for which he was awarded Nobel prize in 1979. Through these years CT has come from one rotation in 6 minutes to one in 0.33 seconds. Principle: X rays are produced by CT machine, which are absorbed by different tissues in…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Enchondroma vs Chondrosarcoma (low grade) : Mnemonic
Among cartilaginous tumors, 2 pathologies can be misleading when trying to reach a correct diagnosis: enchondroma (E), a benign tumor, and low-grade chondrosarcoma (LGC), which is a low-aggressivity malignancy. This can be a problem when deciding treatment because E only requires regular follow-up, but LGC needs surgical treatment. Mnemonic: ABCDE…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) : A Comprehensive Review
Introduction: Other facts: Clinical features: Diagnosis: Role of biopsy/tissue diagnosis in GIST (current consensus): Treatment: High risk features: Choices of surgery: Aim of surgery: Prognostication: Malignant potential Comments Mortality Benign Size: up to 2 cmMitosis: up to 5/50 hpf No tumor related mortality Probably benign Size: 2-5 cmMitosis: same as…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Joint Lubrication Made Easy
Boundary lubrication A monolayer of lubricant molecule (lubricin) adsorbed on each surface (boundary) of the joint prevents direct cartilage to cartilage (articular) contact Fluid-film lubrication Cartilage surfaces are separated by a fluid film 1. Hydrodynamic lubrication: 2. Squeeze film lubrication: 2. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication: Combination of hydrodynamic and squeeze film Mixed…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Protected: MRCS Part A, September 2023 – Recalls
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