Bone remodeling involves the removal of mineralized bone by osteoclasts followed by the formation of bone matrix through the osteoblasts that subsequently become mineralized. There are 2 prominent concepts of bone remodelling: 1. Hueter-Volkmann law or Delpech’s law: It states that bone growth in the skeletally immature is inhibited in…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Eponyms in Tuberculosis (TB)
Tuberculosis (TB) is a multi-systemic, granulomatous disease caused by the bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is also known as Koch’s bacillus. Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis 1. Ghon focus or lesion: Subpleural fibro-caseous lesion of lung parenchyma (common site is upper part of lower lobe or lower part of upper lobe) 2. Ghon’s…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Surgical Site Infection Risk Factors : Mnemonic
Various types of surgical site infection (SSI) have been defined by CDC. Patient related factors Mnemonic: WASHING 1. Weight: Obesity (>20% of ideal body weight) 2. Antibiotic resistant skin flora: MRSA colonization 3. Advancing age 4. Smoking 5. HIV and other immune deficiency conditions 6. Infection coexisting at other sites…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Metaphyseal lesions : Differential Diagnoses
Lesions Age Demographics Site Presentation Imaging Treatment Comments Acute Osteomyelitis Bimodal (<2 years and 8-12 years) M:F = 2:1 Distal femur, Proximal tibia Pain, refusal to bear weight, erythema, warmth, fluctuance, tenderness Lags 2 weeks behindDestruction of bone, periosteal reaction (lamellated, hair on end), new bone formation 1. Antibiotics2. Surgical…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Patau Syndrome : Mnemonic
Chromosomal abnormality Count the letters in “Patau Syndrome”. There are 13 letters. Patau syndrome is Trisomy 13. Clinical features Mnemonic: PATAU
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Avascular Necrosis (Osteonecrosis) of Various Bones : Stages and Management
Propensity Stages and Management Stages Hip (modified Ficat-Arlet) Shoulder (Cruess) Lunate (Lichtman) Knee (Koshino) Scaphoid (Herbert and Lanzetta) Management 0 – Silent + NWB joints – Immobilization, NSAIDs WB joints – a. Realignment osteotomyb. Core decompression +/- bone grafting or MSC therapy I – Suggestive clinically and MRI + +…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Kienbock’s Disease : Mnemonic Approach
Etiology Mnemonic: RSTUV Lichtman Classification and Management Stage Description Treatment Mnemonic: ABCD Mnemonic: ABCD I Abnormal MRI (decreased T1 intensity; variable T2 intensity) or scintigraphy Analgesics + immobilization II Bone sclerosis ± Bone breaks (fracture lines) Bony procedures:1. Negative or Neutral ulnar variance: Joint levelling procedure (Radius shortening osteotomy; Ulnar…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Zero Position of Saha
Zero Position Zero position is the position during elevation in coronal or sagittal plane or in any plane where: Zero position of shoulder The humerus is elevated to about 165° with individual variations and is in the newly acquired scapular plane (around 45° anterior to the coronal plane). The humeral…