A phoropter/refractor is an instrument commonly used by eye care professionals during an eye examination, containing different lenses used for refraction of the eye during…
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Category: USMLE, PGMEE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
Sudden Vision Loss : Simplified Approach
Acute or sudden vision loss is due to one of the following causes: Opacification of normally transparent structures anterior to retina Retinal abnormalities Abnormalities of…
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Acute Red Eye : Simplified Approach
Red eye reflects hyperemia or engorgement of superficial visible conjunctival, episcleral or ciliary vessels. A) DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES FOR ACUTE RED EYE 1. Painless red eye:…
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Simplified Approach to Parotid Enlargement
Diagnosis and management of a case of parotid enlargement requires systematic approach. Here, I have tried to present a simplified approach to parotid enlargement. A)…
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Branchial Apparatus Made Easy
Synonym: Pharyngeal apparatus Branchial (resembling fish gills) apparatus is like a sandwich – mesoderm and neural crest cells (branchial arch) between opposing outer ectoderm (cleft or…
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Understanding and Interpreting a Tympanogram
Relevant terms and definitions: 1. Tympanogram: plots compliance changes of the Tympanic Membrane (TM) versus air pressure in the EAC Y-axis shows pressure gradient and X-axis shows…
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Pure Tone Audiogram and Interpretation
Relevant terms and definitions: 1. Pure tone: A single frequency sound 2. Audiometer: Equipment used to generate pure tones of varying frequency and loudness and…
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Acute Rhinosinusitis (ARS) : Clinical Guidelines
Definition: Symptomatic inflammation of the lining mucosa of nose and paranasal sinuses. Uncomplicated rhinosinusitis is defined as rhinosinusitis without clinically evident extension of inflammation outside the…
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