Origin of Pathology Periosteum Clinical features Mnemonic: ABCDeF Boyd Classification Mnemonic: B-2C-2D-E I – Bowing II – Constriction (hourlgass) III – Cyst IV – Dense (Sclerotic) V – Dysplastic fibula VI – “Endosseous” (Intraosseous) neurofibroma or schwannoma Paley Classification Type Bone ends Pseudoarthrosis mobility Previous surgical intervention 1 Atrophic Mobile…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Triple deformity of Knee : Mnemonic
Triple deformity of knee consists of 3 components: 1. Flexion deformity at knee 2. Posterolateral subluxation of tibia 3. External rotation of tibia over femoral condyle Mechanism behind triple deformity of knee: Causes of Triple deformity of knee: Mnemonic: TRIPLE 1. Tuberculosis (TB) knee – commonest cause 2. Rheumatoid arthritis…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Meniscus Injury : Mnemonics
Meniscus structure Mnemonic: CD RS McMurray test Mnemonic: The heel of the foot points towards the injured meniscus Meniscus attachments in knee Each meniscus has something attached to it: Tear Patterns Mnemonic: LaHORe FC Tear pattern Description Potential to repair Longitudinal Oriented parallel to edge of meniscusa. Complete tear with…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Charcot Arthropathy : Mnemonics
Causes of Charcot Arthropathy Mnemonic: 10 S 3 Theories of Charcot Arthropathy a. Neuro-traumatic: Damage to sensory feedback → Repeated microtrauma → Release of proinflammatory cytokines → Bone resorption b. Neuro-vascular: Change in vascularity caused by dysregulation of vasomotor and trophic nerve supply c. Neuro-inflammatory: Abnormal persistence of inflammatory response…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Rheumatoid Arthritis – ACR 2021 Guidelines: Summary
Among various methods of measuring disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis, we will be discussing Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI). CDAI = TJC(28) + SJC(28) + PGA(10) + EGA(10) Interpretation of CDAI: CDAI Score Range Disease Severity ≤ 2.8 Remission > 2.8 – 10.0 Low > 10.0 – 22.0 Moderate >…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Methotrexate : Mnemonic
Methotrexate is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFRase) inhibitor which inhibits DNA repair, synthesis and cellular replication. Actively proliferating tissues such as malignant cells, bone marrow, fetal cells, buccal and intestinal mucosa, and cells of the urinary bladder are in general more sensitive to its effect. A convenient regimen for Low Dose…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Approach to Rheumatoid Factor Positive test
Rheumatoid factor (RF; also mistakenly called RA factor) is an auto-antibody (commonly IgM and rarely IgG or IgA) directed against the Fc portion of IgG. Increase in both IgM and IgA RFs is almost exclusively observed in patients with RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis). Clinical Significance of Rheumatoid Factor 1. A positive…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Ketamine : Mnemonic
K: Kids (Induction agent of choice in children) E: Emergence reaction (floating sensations, vivid dreams and hallucination; reduced using benzodiazepines), Enantiomers (S-Ketamine and R-Ketamine) T: Thalamo-cortical dissociation with limbic system causing dissociative anesthesia A: Analgesic, Amnesic, Antidepressant, All routes (IV, IM, PO, Intranasal, Epidural, Intrathecal) M: Meals – can be…