Normal values Step 1: pH Step 2: pCO2 Step 3: HCO3- Step 4: Determine compensation If there is metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, determine if there is appropriate respiratory compensation: No respiratory compensation: Expected pCO2 = Measured pCO2 Respiratory compensation: Expected pCO2 ≠ Measure pCO2 Step 5: Delta ratio ΔAG /…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Coronary Arteries : Mnemonic
Right coronary artery (RCA) Course: Branches: Mnemonic: TRaP Me IN Large: Small: Left coronary artery (LCA) Course: Branches: Mnemonic: LaTe PAD Large: Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery – Small: Arterial supply of conducting system of heart 1. RCA: SA node, AV node, AV bundle 2. LCA: Right bundle branch of…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Venous Drainage of Heart : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: CAT 1. Coronary sinus (50%): Drains blood from left side of heart → Thebesian valve → Right Atrium 2. Anterior cardiac veins (20%): Drain blood from right side of heart → Right Atrium 3. Thebesian veins/Venae cordis minimi (30%): Drain deoxygenated blood from endocardium and myocardium → Respective chamber…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Transpyloric Plane : Mnemonic
Synonyms: Addison’s plane Definition: An imaginary horizontal line (halfway between suprasternal notch and pubic symphysis) through the L1 vertebra, a line that is important when performing radiographic imaging studies. Structures lying in transpyloric plane: Mnemonic: TRANSPYLORIC
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Bronchopulmonary segments : Mnemonic
Features of Bronchopulmonary segments: Right Lung Mnemonic: A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm (from top to bottom) 1. Superior lobe: 2. Middle lobe: 3. Inferior lobe: Left Lung Instead of lateral and medial segment as described in middle lobe of right lung, the left lung lingula has: Some books…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Foot Drop : Differentials
Foot drop can result from: L5 radiculopathy Lumbar plexopathy Sciatic neuropathy Peroneal neuropathy Causes Disc herniation, Spinal canal stenosis Pelvic surgery, hematoma, prolonged labor Hip surgery, Injection injury Compression/trauma Motor Weakness includes muscles and hip abductors Weakness includes hip abductors and anal sphincter Weakness includes tibial and hamstring muscles Weakness…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Hilar Arrangement in Lungs, Liver, Kidneys : Mnemonic
Hilum is an indentation in the surface of a kidney, spleen, or other organ, where blood vessels, ducts, nerve fibers, etc. enter and leave it. Hilum of Lung Mnemonic: VAD (from anterior to posterior) Hilum of Liver (Porta Hepatis) Mnemonic: DAVE (from anterior to posterior) Hilum of Kidney Mnemonic: VAD…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Middle Cranial Fossa : Mnemonics
Boundaries The body of the sphenoid makes up the central portion of the middle fossa and houses the sella turcica, bounded by the anterior and posterior clinoid processes. List of Foramina from Anterior to Posterior Mnemonic: Old Rotund Owls Spin Lazily These foramina are in the Sphenoid bone. Contents of…