Risk factors Mnemonic: ABCD Pathophysiology Mnemonic: PPM Malnourished (depleted intracellular Phosphate, Potassium, Magnesium) → Refeeding → Increased glucose load → Insulin spikes → Drives PPM into cells → Hypophosphatemia (major abnormality), hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia Prevention If patient hasn’t not eaten for >5 days, aim to refeed at <50% energy and protein…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Pelvic Lymphatic Drainage
1. Para-aortic (lumbar) nodes: Gonads (derive blood supply from kidneys) 2. Inferior mesenteric nodes: As of blood supply – to the structures derived from hindgut 3. Common iliac nodes: Receives external and internal iliac nodes; Drains into para-aortic nodes 4. Superficial inguinal nodes: Everything that can be touched with fingers…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) Grading : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: Upset Kidneys Drink Their Pee Grade 1: reflux up to Ureter (w/o dilation) Grade 2: reflux up to Kidneys (w/o dilation) Grade 3: Dilation (ureter/pelvis/calyces) Grade 4: Tortuosity (and worse dilation) Grade 5: Papillary impression loss Source: Tweet from Ben Abelson
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Lung Cancer : Mnemonics
Types Most common cancer: Metastases Primary lung cancer: Type Frequency Location Association Features Small (oat) cell carcinoma 15% Sentral (central) Smoker Neuroendocrine differentiation (Kulchitsky cells)Aggressive (disseminate early – lymphadenopathy)Paraneoplastic syndrome (ACTH, ADH, Antibodies – Lambert eaton)InoperableChemosensitive Adenocarcinoma 40% Peripheral Non-smoker (most common) k-Ras, EGFR, ALK mutationsNodule/massHypertrophic osteoarthropathy (clubbing)Bronchio-alveolar subtype (pneumonia-like):…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Flow-Volume Loop : Mnemonics
The flow-volume loop is a plot of inspiratory and expiratory flow (on the Y-axis) against volume (on the X-axis) during the performance of maximally forced inspiratory and expiratory maneuvers. Condition Mnemonic Flow-volume loop Features Obstructive lung disease (small airways) Shift to leftConcave/Scooped out expiratory flow (↓FEV 25-75%) ↑TLC and RV↓FEV1…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Antiarrhythmics Classification (Vaughan Williams)
Understand the conducting system of heart, cardiac action potential and pacemaker action potential. Mnemonic to remember Vaughan Williams classification for anti-arrhythmic – Some Block Potassium Channel DAAM! Mnemonic Class Mechanism of action Comments Example Use Some IA Sodium channel blocker (moderate)Intermediate action Moderate ↓ phase 0 slope↑ EFR & AP…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
How to crack Postgraduate MD/MS Entrance Examination?
(Article for Nepalese/ Indian and South Asian students) Postgraduate entrance exam for MD/MS is one of the toughest examinations in Nepal. The cut throat competition, the dilemma between studying or earning, and the pressure to perform against the toppers and best minds in the country make it one of the…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Skin Malignancies : Mnemonics
Malignant Melanoma Diagnosis or Clinical features: Mnemonic: ABCDE Risk factors: Mnemonic: MM RISK Pathologic Types: Mnemonic: Melanoma Always Spreads to Nodes (in order of worsening prognosis) Mnemonic Type Incidence Site Growth pattern Melanoma Maligna – lentiginous 10-15% Face (Precursor – Hutchison’s freckles/lentigo maligna) long in-situ stage before vertical growth Always…