Contains concise management of following conditions with flowcharts, tables and figures. This handbook can be helpful for medical students posted in Emergency room or Internal medicine and also for medical officers working in Emergency department. Acute Pulmonary Embolism Acute Exacerbation of COPD Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Healthcare Associated Pneumonia (HAP)/Ventilator…
Tag: Respiratory system
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Novel Coronavirus Disease (CoViD-19) – “An Old Family with a New Disease”
Coronaviridae, one of the families of viruses which are known to cause diseases in mammals and birds ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. A new species which belongs to this family emerged recently causing an outbreak of a respiratory disease in the eastern part of Asia….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Pulmonology Mnemonics
TB SMEAR (+) CULTURE (–): 4 Ds D: DEAD: continued expectoration of dead organisms D: DEGENERATE: non-cultivable non-TB mycobacteria, unable to proliferate on a standard AFB culture D: DELAY: excessive > 5 days between collection & inoculation D: DRUGS: sufficient anti TB levels to suppress growth in vitro TB RISK FACTORS: SHE LOVED RICHES S: Silicosis…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Lung Volumes and Capacities : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: 6 LITERs Lung Capacity (TLC = 6L) = Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV = 3.3 L) + Tidal volume (TV = 0.5 L) + Expiratory reserve volume (ERV = 1 L) + Reserve volume (RV = 1.2 L) Mnemonic: There are 4 lung volumes that do not overlap and 4…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Respiratory Center Simplified
Mnemonic: Boat starts and PRASaD DIVEs 1. pre-Botzinger complex Starts respiratory rhythm (pacemaker): Boat Starts Location: Between nucleus ambiguus and lateral reticular nucleus (upper medulla) 2. Pneumotaxic center Represses Apneustic center: PR-A Location: Upper pons (Nucleus parabrachialis and Kolliker-fuse nucleus) 3. Apneustic center Stimulates DRG: A-SaD Location: Lower pons 4….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Perfusion and Diffusion Limited Gas Exchange
Under resting conditions, red blood cells move through the pulmonary capillary bed in approximately 0.75 seconds (transit time), although equilibration of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in about 0.25 seconds. In a diffusion limited gas exchange situation, the alveolar gas is still equilibrating with the blood cell at the…
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Are You at Risk for These Common Respiratory Problems?
Whether short-term or long-term, respiratory diseases can happen to anyone, often disrupting one’s daily lifestyle and affecting his or her quality of life. According to the World Health Organization, 235 million people suffer from asthma, which is a common lung condition among children. What’s worse is that about 3 million…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Modified Centor Criteria for Likelihood of Bacterial Infection In Sore throat
Centor Criteria Mnemonic: CENTOr 1. Cough absent or Can’t cough = +1 2. Exudates or Enlarged tonsils = +1 3. Nodes (Swollen tender anterior cervical lymph nodes) = +1 4. Temeperature >100.4 F = +1 5. Or: <15 years = +1 15-44 years = 0 ≥45 years = -1 Scoring