Origin of Pathology Periosteum Clinical features Mnemonic: ABCDeF Boyd Classification Mnemonic: B-2C-2D-E I – Bowing II – Constriction (hourlgass) III – Cyst IV – Dense (Sclerotic) V – Dysplastic fibula VI – “Endosseous” (Intraosseous) neurofibroma or schwannoma Paley Classification Type Bone ends Pseudoarthrosis mobility Previous surgical intervention 1 Atrophic Mobile…
Tag: Musculoskeletal system
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Triple deformity of Knee : Mnemonic
Triple deformity of knee consists of 3 components: 1. Flexion deformity at knee 2. Posterolateral subluxation of tibia 3. External rotation of tibia over femoral condyle Mechanism behind triple deformity of knee: Causes of Triple deformity of knee: Mnemonic: TRIPLE 1. Tuberculosis (TB) knee – commonest cause 2. Rheumatoid arthritis…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Meniscus Injury : Mnemonics
Meniscus structure Mnemonic: CD RS McMurray test Mnemonic: The heel of the foot points towards the injured meniscus Meniscus attachments in knee Each meniscus has something attached to it: Tear Patterns Mnemonic: LaHORe FC Tear pattern Description Potential to repair Longitudinal Oriented parallel to edge of meniscusa. Complete tear with…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Charcot Arthropathy : Mnemonics
Causes of Charcot Arthropathy Mnemonic: 10 S 3 Theories of Charcot Arthropathy a. Neuro-traumatic: Damage to sensory feedback → Repeated microtrauma → Release of proinflammatory cytokines → Bone resorption b. Neuro-vascular: Change in vascularity caused by dysregulation of vasomotor and trophic nerve supply c. Neuro-inflammatory: Abnormal persistence of inflammatory response…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Approach to Rheumatoid Factor Positive test
Rheumatoid factor (RF; also mistakenly called RA factor) is an auto-antibody (commonly IgM and rarely IgG or IgA) directed against the Fc portion of IgG. Increase in both IgM and IgA RFs is almost exclusively observed in patients with RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis). Clinical Significance of Rheumatoid Factor 1. A positive…
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Pain all over body, Sleep disturbance, Fatigue, Headaches – Fibromyalgia
What is Fibromyalgia? Fibromyalgia is a chronic illness characterized by many symptoms that occur all at once: 1. Widespread pain 2. Fatigue 3. Sleep problems 4. Cognitive disturbances (concentration, memory) 5. Altered mood (anxiety, depression) 6. Other symptoms: headache, digestive disorders, dizziness, muscle spasms, chills, low-grade fever, ringing in the…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Subacromial Injection
Indications: Diagnostic and therapeutic purposes of – Syringe preparation: Position: Comfortably seated with the arm at the side and the hands resting on the lap. Posterior approach: Lateral approach:
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Injection technique for De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis
Syringe Preparation: Position: Comfortably seated with neutral forearm rotation with radial styloid facing upwards – position the wrist in slight ulnar deviation. Technique: