Purines and Pyrimidines Bases Purines = 2 rings Adenine Guanine Hypoxanthine (Deaminated Adenine) Adenine to Hypoxanthine deamination is mediated by Adenosine deaminase which is decreased…
Explore more Purine and Pyrimidines : Structure, Synthesis and Metabolism
Anticipation in genetics refers to an increase in severity and decrease in age of onset in successive generations, most likely due to increased size of…
Explore more Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders and Anticipation Mnemonics
First: Look for Mitochondrial Inheritance Female transmits disease to all the offsprings (both males and females). Male doesn’t transmit the disease and only the females…
Explore more Solving Pedigree Analysis in 3 steps
Glucose-6-Phosphate central to the 4 major metabolic pathways of glucose, i.e. glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and HMP shunt (Pentose phosphate pathway). Glucose is immediately phosphorylated…
Explore more Glucose 6 Phosphate : Central to Glucose Metabolism
Neutrophil Granules Azurophilic (Primary) Granules These are lysosomes that occur in all granulocytes, as well as in lymphocytes and monocytes. In addition to expected lysosomal…
Explore more Granular contents of Neutrophils and Platelets
Concentric layers of Granuloma There are 4 concentric layers in a granuloma, however the clear distinction is difficult in reality due to overlapping. From inside…
Explore more Morphology of Granuloma
Difference between cytokines and chemokines Cytokines are small proteins released by cells, the function of which is “cell-signaling“. Chemokines are small cytokines, which functions as…
Explore more Chemokines Mnemonics
Caspases (Pro-apoptotics) Initiator caspases: Intrinsic – 9 (IN for nINe); also 2 (Roman numeral II – I for Intrinsic) Extrinsic – 8 (E for Eight);…
Explore more Learning Apoptosis with Mnemonics