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Mnemonics, Simplified Concepts & Thoughts

Tag: General concepts

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS

Antibiotic Spectrums : Cheat sheet

Epomedicine, May 20, 2020May 20, 2020

Gram positive and Gram negative Amoxicillin-clavulanate Tazobactam-piperacillin Carbapenem: Ertapenen, Imipenem, Meropenem Cefuroxime Cefotaxime Ceftriaxone Anaerobes Amoxicillin-clavulanate Tazobactam-piperacillin Carbapenems Clindamycin Metronidazole Pseudomonas Tazobactam-piperacillin Carbapenems (except Ertapenem) Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone, Cefepime Gentamicin, Amikacin, Tobramycin Ciprofloxacin Colistin Aztreonam Only gram positive Vancomycin Teicoplanin Linezolid Daptomycin Only gram negative Ceftazidime Colistin Aztreonam “Non-culturable” bacteria Macrolides:…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS

Pharmacokinetics Mnemonics

Epomedicine, Aug 12, 2019Aug 18, 2024

ADME is the 4-letter acronym used to describe pharmacokinetics: ABCD is another 4-letter acronym used to describe pharmacokinetics: The most important pharmacokinetic parameters from a dosing point of view are: Vd = Volume of distributionD = DoseCo = Concentration in plasmaCL = ClearancekE = Elimination constantt1/2 = Half life In…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS intercellular junctions

Cell-Cell or Interceullular Junctions

Epomedicine, May 22, 2019May 22, 2019

Junction Location Composition Function Remarks Tight junction (Zonula occludens) Epithelial cell-Epithelial cell Claudin and Occludin (attaches to cytoskeleton – actin filament) Prevents paracellular movement of solutes and diffusion Adherens junction (Zonula adherens) Epithelial cell-Epithelial cell E-cadherin (attaches to cytoskeleton – actin filament) Belt desmosome (Anchoring) Cadherins are Ca2+ depndend adhesion…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS inhibition_Lineweaver_Burk

Competitive, Non-competitive and Uncompetitive Inhibitors

Epomedicine, Aug 10, 2018Aug 18, 2024

Vmax is the maximum velocity, or how fast the enzyme can go at full ‘‘speed.’’ Vmax is reached when all of the enzyme is in the enzyme–substrate complex. Km is the substrate concentration at which v = 1/2 Vmax. Km approximately describes the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme….

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS fatty-acid-oxidation

Beta-oxidation of Fatty Acids : Simplified

Epomedicine, Jul 31, 2018

Fatty Acid Activation (Cytoplasm) Before undergoing oxidation, fatty acid must be activated first by conversion into Acyl-CoA by the action of Fatty Acyl-CoA synthase (thiokinase). ATP is converted to AMP (not ADP) – 2 ATP equivalent used Uses Mg2+ as cofactor, Co-ASH and ATP Sites of Beta-oxidation A. Mitochondria: Short/Medium…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS acetylcoa carboxylase

Fatty Acid Synthesis : Simplified

Epomedicine, Jul 30, 2018

Enzymes: Fatty acid synthase (6 enzymes and 1 Acyl carrier protein molecule) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (rate-limiting enzyme) Starting material: For palmitate synthesis: Acetyl-CoA For odd number carbon long chain fatty acid synthesis: Propionyl-CoA 2 Carbon donor: Malonyl-CoA (donates 2 C and 1 C is thrown out as CO2) Site: Cytosol Citrate…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS fatty acid

Structure of Fatty acids and Derivatives : Simplified

Epomedicine, Jul 29, 2018Jul 29, 2018

Structure Saturated fatty acid: Single bond (“S” for saturated and single bond) Unsaturated fatty acid: Double bond(s), i.e. “D” for Double bonds, Decreased melting temperature and Decreased atherosclerotic risk (by decreasing LDL) Trans-fatty acid: Unsaturated fatty acid which act like saturated fatty acid (hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid) Nomencleture: C…

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Clinical Skills and Approaches smoking and alcohol assessment

Eliciting Smoking and Alcohol History

Epomedicine, Nov 10, 2017Sep 18, 2021

Smoking History Ask: Have you ever smoked? If yes – Further ask: For how long? What form? (cigarettes, cigars, pipe, chewed) How much? Quantify smoking history: A ‘pack year’ is smoking 20 cigarettes a day (1 pack for one year) (Number of cigarettes smoked per day X Number of years…

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