Thyroplasty is the cutting and reshaping of thyroid cartilage in various ways. Ishikki classificaiton – 4 types: Type Mnemonic Procedure Indication I M Medialization of cord (Approximation) Adductor palsy II L Lateralization of cord (Expansion) Abductor palsy III S Shortening of cord (Relaxation) Puberphonia IV L Lengthening of cord (Tensioning)…
Tag: Otorhinolaryngology
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Triangles of Neck
Triangles Subdivisions Boundaries Floor Contents Clinical relevance Anterior Digastric (submandibular) – further subdivided into 3 small triangles:a. Lesser’sb. Pirogov’sc. Beclard’s 2 digastric belliesMandible Mylohyoid Submandibular glandSubmandibular nodesFacial nerve – Marginal mandibular branch (MMB)Facial vesselsLingual vesselsHypoglossal nerveNerve to mylohyoid Incision 2 finger breadth below inferior border of mandible avoids MMB of…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Facial Nerve : Mnemonics
Course Origin: Ponto-medullary junction (Nucleus solitarius, Facial nucleus and Superior salivatory nucleus) Internal acoustic meatus: 7 up, Coke down Facial canal: After exiting skull from stylomastoid foramen: Further reading: Facial nerve lesions 1. Supranuclear lesion: Contralateral lower 1/2 face paralyzed; forehead wrinkling spared (Bilateral cortical innervation) 2. Infranuclear lesion: Entire…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Anatomy of Tongue : Mnemonics
Muscles Intrinsic Extrinsic Alter the shape of tongue Attaches tongue to the bone Mnemonic: VIST Mnemonic: Paris St. German Hour 1. Vertical 1. Palatoglossus (Palate) – anatomically a pharyngeal muscle 2. Inferior longitudinal 2. Styloglossus (Styloid) 3. Superior longitudinal 3. Genioglossus (Genial tubercle of mandible) 4. Transverse 4. Hyoglossus (Hyoid)…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Laryngeal Muscles : Mnemonics
Extrinsic muscles Nerve supply: Ansa cervicalis (CN XII + C1, C2, C3) Infrahyoid muscles (Depressors of larynx): Mnemonic: TOSS Suprahyoid muscles (Elevators of larynx): Mnemonic: MDGS Intrinsic muscles Muscles Origin Insertion Function Thyroepiglotticus Thyroaryetenoid muscle Epiglottis (lateral surface) Opens laryngeal inlet Aryepiglotticus Oblique arytenoid muscle Epiglottis Closes laryngeal inlet Posterior…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Thyroid Gland Blood Supply : Mnemonics
Arterial supply Arterial anastomosis Venous drainage The venous plexus lies beneath the true capsule (peripheral condensation of fibrous stroma of gland). Hence, during thyroidectomy, thyroid gland is removed along with the true capsule to avert the hemorrhage. False capsule (pre-tracheal fascia) is left intact. Thyroid Arteries and Laryngeal Nerves Mnemonic:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Fasciae of the Neck
Superficial cervical fascia Contents: Deep cervical fascia or Fascia colli 1. Investing layer 2. Pretracheal layer 3. Carotid sheath: Formed anteriorly by pretracheal fascia and posteriorly by prevertebral fascia Encloses: Relations: 4. Pharyngobasilar fascia (deep to pharynx): lines the inner surface of pharyngeal muscles 5. Prevertebral layer Spread of Infections…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Parotid Gland : Mnemonics
Relations Anterior: 3 “M” Posterior: Mastoid and attachments Medial (Parotid bed): VANS Structures traversing the parotid gland Mnemonic: FACER Parotid gland innervation 1. Parasympathetic: Secretomotor (from Otic ganglion) – Serous, water rich saliva Mnemonic: PAR–O–T–Id G–L–And PARotid gland ← Auriculotemporal nerve ← Otic ganglion ← Lesser petrosal nerve ← Tympanic…