Mnemonic: Our City Is Kept Safe And Sound From Malice Remember the enzymes of the cycle: All the enzymes are in the matrix of mitochondria except succinate dehydrogenase which is in inner mitochondrial membrane. Pyruvate from aerobic glycolysis enters mitochondria, where it may be converted into acetyl-CoA (irreversible reaction) under…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Medial Medullary (Dejerine’s) Syndrome : Anatomical basis mnemonic
As already discussed in the previous section about Lateral Medullary (Wallenberg) Syndrome: 6 “S” pass/lie on the Side (latetral) of Medulla Except the anteromedian part supplied by vertebral artery, rest of the medulla is supplied by PICA Let us now review the relevant anatomy and physiology of the medial portion…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Anatomical basis of Wallenberg (Lateral Medullary) Syndrome : Mnemonic
Before proceeding into the disease itself, let’s review – relevant anatomy of the medulla with a simple mnemonic. The Side (lateral) part of Medulla contains 6 “S“ 1. Spinocerebellar tract Posterior spinocerebellar tract: Ascends and enters to ipsilateral cerebellum via ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle Anterior spinocerebellar tract: Ascends and enters…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Approach to Low Back Pain
Definition of Low Back Pain Low back pain (LBP) is defined as pain, muscle tension or stiffness localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds, with or without leg pain (sciatica). “Diagnostic triage” after excluding non-spinal causes of low back pain classifies LBP into 3 broad categories:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Radiation cystitis : Diagnosis, prevention and management
Cause of radiation cystitis: Bladder in the radiation field (treatment of pelvic malignancies like prostate, cervical, colorectal) Epidemiology of radiation cystitis: Incidence: 23% to 80% (variability due to variability in type and dosing of radiotherapy among different medical subspecialities) Incidence of severe hematuria: 5-8% Mean duration for developing radiation cystitis:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Surgical Anatomy of Stomach
GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION (CARDIA) It is the junction between esophagus and cardia of stomach Histologically: Mucosal transition from squamous to columnar epithelium Functionally: High pressure zone (Lower esophageal sphincter or LES) – Normally, LES is intraperitoneal, >2 cm long, and has a resting pressure >6 mmHg; not an anatomical sphincter but a…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Axillary Lymph Node Dissection
A) Indications: Clinical or radiological evidence of involvement of axillary nodes Microscopically positive sentinel node(s) due to metastasis from primary malignant tumor In sentinel node negative: 98 % accurate in predicting that the other nodes are negative In sentinel node positive: possibility of microscopic disease in any of the remaining lymph nodes is 15–30…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
BCG for Urinary Bladder Cancer and BCG sepsis
The objectives of intravesical therapy in bladder cancer is to: avoid post-TURB (Transurethral resection of bladder) implantation of tumor cells eradicate residual disease prevent tumor recurrence delay or reduce tumor progression Indications of BCG in bladder cancer: Intravesical treatment and prophylaxis of bladder CIS Prophylaxis of primary or recurrent stage Ta and/or…