Definition of Apoptosis Apoptosis is: Origin of the word “apoptosis”: Caspases – Central Regulators of Apoptosis Caspases = Cysteine Aspartate Specific Proteases 2 types of caspases: Initiator caspases: Executioner caspases: 3 Pathways of Caspase Activation 1. Activation of Initiator of Extrinsic Pathway Receptor-ligand interaction mediated: Can mediate intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Cellular Adaptations
Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Atrophy and Metaplasia are the main four types of cellular adaptations. Adaptations are: Reversible changes In the number, size, phenotype, metabolic activity or functions of cells In response to the changes in the environment (stress). Hypertrophy Definition: Increase in cell size Occurs in: non-dividing (permanent) cells: cardiac and…
Emergency Medicine
Understanding New Definition of Sepsis (Sepsis-3)
The Sepsis-2 definition used SIRS criteria and the term “Severe sepsis” which has been recently eliminated by the Sepsis-3. The new sepsis definitions recommend using a change in baseline of the total SOFA score of two or more points to represent organ dysfunction. New Definition of Sepsis and Septic Shock…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Complement Pathway – Explained
The complement system is composed of about 20 different proteins released into the blood after production in the liver. They interact in coordinated and regulated way to produce biologically active protein products. ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT CASCADE The complement cascade can be activated in 3 ways: C3 and C3 CONVERTASE All of…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Complications of Long Term Dialysis
A) Cardiovascular complications 1. Exacerbation or Precipitation of CHF – Voluminous AV Fistula AV shunting → Decreased TPR → BP fall → Sympathetic stimulation & RAAS activation → Ventricular remodeling → Heart failure Several studies have investigated the cut-off fistula access flow that is associated with a higher risk of high-output cardiac failure, with results ranging…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Management of Puerperium
Normal puerperium has been already discussed earlier here. A) Immediately after labor within 1 hour Blood pressure and heart rate atleast every 15 minutes Monitor amount of vaginal bleeding Palpate fundus to ensure amount adequate contractions (if relaxed – massage uterus to enhance oxytocin release) B) 1st several hours 1….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Normal Puerperium Made Simple
Definition of Puerperium: Period following childbirth during which the body tissues, specially the pelvic organs involute i.e. revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically – and lasts 6 weeks or 42 days. Immediate: Within 24 hours of childbirth Early: Within 7 days of childbirth Remote: Within…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Multiple Myeloma : Quick Approach
Plasma cell dyscrasia refers to an abnormal proliferation of plasma cells that usually secrete a monoclonal immunoglobulin. A) CLINICAL FEATURES Features vary among various conditions: Mnemonic: CRAB Infection 1. Calcium increased: Hypercalcemia Nephrocalcinosis and