We have already discussed earlier on the intracranial course of Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) and Circle of Willis formation with the help of a simple mnemonic. General Concepts of Blood Supply of Brain and Spinal Cord 1. Spinal cord, Hind-brain and Mid-brain: Veterbro-basilar system 2. Forebrain: Circle of willis which…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Circle of Willis – Mnemonic and Drawing
Circle of Willis is an important arterial communication that supplies the forebrain (telencephalon, diencephalon and optic vesicle) and often frequently tested in the exams. Circle of Willis receives blood from: Here, we will learn a mnemonic to draw the circle of willis and intracranial course of Internal Carotid Artery (ICA)….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Brodmann Areas and Lesions
Frontal Lobe Area 4 (Precentral gyrus): Primary motor cortex (gigantopyramidal – only area that contains giant pyramidal cells of Betz) Lesion: Contralateral spastic paralysis (UMNL) Area 6 (Superior frontal gyrus; agranular frontal): Premotor cortex and Supplementary motor cortex (Motor planning) Lesion: Apraxia (Unable to perform movements in correct sequence) Area…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Cerebral Cortex Layers (Microanatomy) Simplified
The neocortex have 6 layers and allocortex have only 3 layers. The 6 layers of Neocortex: Orientation of layers: Outer: Towards meaninges Inner: Towards white matter Idea about the layers: Molecular or plexiform: Only cell processes Granular layer: Densely packed stellate cells Pyramidal layer: Medium and Large pyramidal cells Multiform…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Internal Capsule Simplified
Internal Capsule is a “boomerang” shaped (on horizontal section) and “funnel” shaped, i.e. tapering from superior to inferior (on sagittal section) white matter structure sandwiched between: Medially: Head of Caudate nucleus and Thalamus Laterally: Lenticular nucleus (Globus pallidus and Putamen) Parts of Internal Capsule 1. Anterior limb: Carries fibers to…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Limbic System Simplified
Limbic system is complex both structurally and functionally. It is located on either side of the thalamus, immediately below the cerebrum and consists of both the grey mater and white mater. Let us simplify the structure of limbic system: Hypothalamus is central to the limbic system Limbic cortex: 2 “C”…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Visual Pathway : Supplement Knowledge
Everyone must be aware of the normal visual pathway and their defects. Here, I’ve tried to enlist the topics related to the visual pathway that are “nice to know” but you may have missed it or failed to understand properly. Below is the basic visual pathway: Wilbrand’s knee Anterior…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Retinal Layers Simplified
The ten layers of retina – this microscopic anatomy is frequently asked in examinations and also important from the physiological viewpoint. There are plenty of mnemonics around the web, but we will proceed in a different approach to remember the 10 retinal layers easily. A. Retina is 3 neuron system…