Multiple studies have shown that metformin reduces serum B12 levels in 10–30% of patients. The effect increases with the duration of the therapy. Decrease in vitamin B12 absorption and levels following metformin use typically starts as early as the 4th month. Mechanisms of Vitamin B12 deficiency with Metformin Use: It…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Hyponatremia : SIADH vs Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome
SIADH causes Mnemonic: SIADH Surgery Intracranial – Infection, Head injury, CVA Alveolar – Carcinoma, Pus Drugs – Opiates, Antiepileptics, Cytotoxics, Anti-psychotics Hormonal – Hypothyroid, Low corticosteroid level SIADH diagnostic criteria Mnemonic: SOD-IUM/S Serum Osmollity Decreased (<275 mOsm/kg) Increased Urine Molality/osmolality (>100 mOsm/kg) Increased Urine Sodium/Na+ (>40 Meq/L) Others: Euvolemic (Normal…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Maddrey Score (Discriminant Function) and Lillie Model : Alcohoic Hepatitis
The severity of alcoholic hepatitis can be assessed using a number of simple quantitative indices (Maddrey score, Meld score, Combined clinical and laboratory index). Of these, the Maddrey Discriminant Function (MDF) is the simplest. Maddrey score = 4.6 X (prolongation of prothrombin time above control in seconds) + Total bilirubin…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Clinical Criteria for Diagnosis of Enteric Fever
In the Absence of Microbiological Confirmation, these case defintions and criteria may be helpful. Case definitions of Typhoid Fever a. Confirmed enteric fever: A patient with persistent fever (38 °C or more) lasting 3 or more days, with laboratory-confirmed S. typhi organisms (blood, bone marrow, bowel fluid) A clinical compatible…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
JVP Mnemonics
Jugular venous pulse (JVP) waveforms a – Atrial contraction (RA) c – Closure and Curving of tricuspid valve into RA x – atrial relaXation v – Venous filling of right atrium (RA) y – atrial emptYing Distinguishing JVP from Internal carotid pulsation Mnemonic: POLICE Palpation: Non-palpable Occlussion: Readily occludable Location:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Somogyi effect and Dawn Phenomenon – Mnemonic
Both Somogyi effect and Dawn phenomenon are the cause of MORNING FASTING HYPERGLYCEMIA. Mnemonic: Somogyi = So Much InsulinDawn = Down Insulin a. Somogyi effect: Excess exogenous insulin → Middle night hypoglycemia → Release of counter-regulatory hormones → Rebound morning hyperglycemia b. Dawn effect: Normal release of morning hormones (growth…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
ORS and ReSoMal – Mnemonic
Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) Grams per litre: SoDIum C-hloride: 2.6 gm SoDIum Ci-Trate: 2.9 gm Potassium chloride: 1.5 gm Glucose anhydrous: 13.5 gm Mnemonic: DI = 2 and C = 6Ci-Trate = Rotate 6, i.e. 9For Potassium chloride: Deduct 1 from the whole number and decimal both, i.e. (2-1).(6-1) =…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Lines and Angles in Orthopedics
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) Southwick’s angle: Epiphyseal-shaft angle on lateral radiograph <30 degrees: mild 30-60 degrees: moderate >60 degrees: severe Klein’s line: Line drawn along superior border of femoral neck (AP x-ray) In SCFE: will intersect less of the femoral head or not at all Developmental Dysplasia of Hip…