The severity of alcoholic hepatitis can be assessed using a number of simple quantitative indices (Maddrey score, Meld score, Combined clinical and laboratory index). Of these, the Maddrey Discriminant Function (MDF) is the simplest. Maddrey score = 4.6 X (prolongation of prothrombin time above control in seconds) + Total bilirubin…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Clinical Criteria for Diagnosis of Enteric Fever
In the Absence of Microbiological Confirmation, these case defintions and criteria may be helpful. Case definitions of Typhoid Fever a. Confirmed enteric fever: A patient with persistent fever (38 °C or more) lasting 3 or more days, with laboratory-confirmed S. typhi organisms (blood, bone marrow, bowel fluid) A clinical compatible…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
JVP Mnemonics
Jugular venous pulse (JVP) waveforms a – Atrial contraction (RA) c – Closure and Curving of tricuspid valve into RA x – atrial relaXation v – Venous filling of right atrium (RA) y – atrial emptYing Distinguishing JVP from Internal carotid pulsation Mnemonic: POLICE Palpation: Non-palpable Occlussion: Readily occludable Location:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Somogyi effect and Dawn Phenomenon – Mnemonic
Both Somogyi effect and Dawn phenomenon are the cause of MORNING FASTING HYPERGLYCEMIA. Mnemonic: Somogyi = So Much InsulinDawn = Down Insulin a. Somogyi effect: Excess exogenous insulin → Middle night hypoglycemia → Release of counter-regulatory hormones → Rebound morning hyperglycemia b. Dawn effect: Normal release of morning hormones (growth…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
ORS and ReSoMal – Mnemonic
Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) Grams per litre: SoDIum C-hloride: 2.6 gm SoDIum Ci-Trate: 2.9 gm Potassium chloride: 1.5 gm Glucose anhydrous: 13.5 gm Mnemonic: DI = 2 and C = 6Ci-Trate = Rotate 6, i.e. 9For Potassium chloride: Deduct 1 from the whole number and decimal both, i.e. (2-1).(6-1) =…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Lines and Angles in Orthopedics
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) Southwick’s angle: Epiphyseal-shaft angle on lateral radiograph <30 degrees: mild 30-60 degrees: moderate >60 degrees: severe Klein’s line: Line drawn along superior border of femoral neck (AP x-ray) In SCFE: will intersect less of the femoral head or not at all Developmental Dysplasia of Hip…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Non-invasive Prenatal Screening
Quick review/Mnemonic: PAPP-A is decreased in all trisomies.Nuchal translucency is increased in all trisomies. Inhibin A is only increased in Down’s syndrome.Beta-HCG is increased in Down’s syndrome. All triple test results decreased in Edward syndrome. Only AFP is increased in NTDs and abdominal wall defects. Acetylcholinesterase level increased in Amniotic…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
List of Osteochondritis of Different Bones
Osteochondritis of the capitulum of humerus (elbow): panner’s disease Osteochondritis of the lunate bone: keinbock’s disease Osteochondritis of the femoral head: perthe’s disease Osteochondritis of lateral part of medial femoral condyle: osteochondritis dissecans Osteochondritis of the tibial tubercle: osgood schlatter’s disease Osteochondritis of lower part of patella: sinding larsen johansson…