Clinical features A. Adolescents and Adults Mnemonic: 6 Ps (by Hargens and Mubarak) Pain (may be absent in cases of nerve damage): Pain out of proportion to other physical findings (requiring increasing analgesic requirement) *: Earliest symptom Pain on passive stretch of the muscles in concerned compartment * Low sensitivity…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
General Principles – Pediatric Fracture Management
Children are not just mini-adults • Higher head to torso ratio: Head injury & Upper C-spine fractures • Light weight – projectile when struck • BSA to Wt. ratio – higher (rapid hypothermia) • Large cardiopulmonary reserves – normal SBP in significant hypovolemia Growth contribution by Proximal & Distal Physes…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Hernia – The Basics
“No disease of the human body, belonging to the province of the surgeon, requires in its treatment a greater combination of accurate anatomic knowledge, with surgical skill, than hernia and all its varieties.” – Sir Astley Cooper ‘Hernia’, a word derived from Latin for ‘Rupture’, defined as the unusual protrusion…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Novel Coronavirus Disease (CoViD-19) – “An Old Family with a New Disease”
Coronaviridae, one of the families of viruses which are known to cause diseases in mammals and birds ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. A new species which belongs to this family emerged recently causing an outbreak of a respiratory disease in the eastern part of Asia….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Skeletal Traction – Pin Insertion Sites
Site Point of insertion Direction Indications Olecranon (K-wire) 1.25 inches (3 cm) distal to olecranon tip – deep to subcutaneous border of upper ulna (avoids ulnar joint and open epiphysis) Medial to Lateral – At right angles to longitudinal axis of ulna (Avoids ulnar nerve) Supracondylar or Distal humerus fractures…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Heart Sounds – Murmurs
Murmur is a low, indistinct sound. In terms of medicine, it is the sound produced due to turbulent flow within the heart and great vessels. They are described and named in relation to the normal heart sounds, location, and quality. Please go through these articles before reading further: Heart Sounds…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Appendix, Appendicitis and Appendicectomy
Inflammation of the Appendix is one of the most common causes of Pain Abdomen presenting in the Emergency Room. Since its first description in the texts, there has been a lot of improvement in the quality of management due to the availability of resources and technology. Appendix, in the initial…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Shoulder Muscles Anatomy – Simplified
Proximal humerus Insertion of Rotato Cuffs Mnemonic: SIT-S a. Greater tubercle: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor b. Lesser tubercle: Subscapularis Attachment of Other muscles Anteriorly and posteriorly the muscles attach on each side of the depressions (groove and sulcus). a. Anteriorly: Insertion of 3 muscles Mnemonic: Lady between 2 Majors Crest…