Superficial and deep perineal space is located in the urogenital triangle, the boundaries of which are: Analogy: Remember a big mac. It has 3 layers of BUN and 2 hamburger PATTIES. Posteriorly, all 3 Fascias are attached to the perineal body, closing the spaces. Superficial Perineal Space Mnemonics: 1. Superficial…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
Emergency Medicine 
Aortic dissection
Risk factors Mnemonic: ABCDE Pathophysiology Intimal tear allows blood to enter between intima-media space creating a false lumen. Blood may propagate proximal or distal to tear. Clinical features Investigations Classification and Management Stanford DeBakey Description Frequency Management Mnemonic: BAD Mnemonic: A for A; B for B A (Ascending aorta involved)…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
HIV Replication and Antiretroviral Drugs
HIV Replication and Antiretroviral Mechanism of Action Mnemonic: AFRITAB 1. Attachment (to CD4 cells) 2. Fusion (enters CD4 cells and dump it’s contents – RNA and reverse transcriptase) 3. Reverse transcription (1 strand RNA becomes 2 strand DNA) 4. Integration (HIV DNA integrates into human’s CD4 cell’s DNA) 5. Transcription…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Gastric Acid Secretion Made Easy
Steps for gastric acid secretion by parietal cells 1. H+ and HCO3- are produced from CO2 and H2O. 2. H+ is secreted into the lumen by H+/K+ ATPase pump. 3. HCO3- moves out of the cell, across the basolateral membrane via antiport with Cl-. 4. Cl- diffuses passively into the…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Spinal segments vs Vertebral level
Spinal segment: The part of spinal cord to which a pair of spinal nerves (right and left) is attached. Cause of mismatch between spinal segments and vertebral level: General rule: Vertebral level Add Spinal segment Cervical + 0 Same C7-T1 C8 T1-T3 +1 T1-T4 T3-T6 +2 T5-T8 T7-T8 +3 T9-T11…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Median, Ulnar and Radial Nerve – Course and Innervation
Median nerve, Ulnar nerve and Radial nerve are the 3 major nerves of the upper limb originating from the brachial plexus. Some important neuroanatomic relationships in the forearm are: 1. Medial nerve: Crossed by brachial artery from lateral to medial just above the elbow to lie medial to brachial artery…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Mediastinum : Simplified
It is the region in thoracic cavity between the pulmonary cavities (covered by mediastinal pleura and excludes the lungs). Extent: Thoracic outlet (1st rib) to Diaphragm (T12) Superior mediastinum: Upper extent Thoracic outlet Contents (superficial to deep) 1. Glands (Thymus and Lymph nodes)2. 3 Veins (Brachiocephalic Lt. and Rt. and…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Thoracic Diaphragm : Mnemonics
Embryology Mnemonic: Several Parts Build Diaphragm Embryonic components Parts of Diaphragm 1. Septum transversum Tendinous portion (Central tendon) 2. Pleuroperitoneal folds Muscular portion 3. Body wall muscles Muscular portion 4. Dorsal mesentery of esophagus Crura 3 Major Openings of Diaphragm Mnemonics: 1. I Eat Apples 8, 10, 12 or 2….