Arterial supply Arterial anastomosis Venous drainage The venous plexus lies beneath the true capsule (peripheral condensation of fibrous stroma of gland). Hence, during thyroidectomy, thyroid gland is removed along with the true capsule to avert the hemorrhage. False capsule (pre-tracheal fascia) is left intact. Thyroid Arteries and Laryngeal Nerves Mnemonic:…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Fasciae of the Neck
Superficial cervical fascia Contents: Deep cervical fascia or Fascia colli 1. Investing layer 2. Pretracheal layer 3. Carotid sheath: Formed anteriorly by pretracheal fascia and posteriorly by prevertebral fascia Encloses: Relations: 4. Pharyngobasilar fascia (deep to pharynx): lines the inner surface of pharyngeal muscles 5. Prevertebral layer Spread of Infections…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Posterior Cranial Fossa : Mnemonic
Boundaries Foramina Mnemonic: IJHM (International Journal of Hospitality Management) from lateral to medial 1. Internal acoustic meatus (IAM) 2. Jugular foramen Mnemonic: IPS 9, 10, 11IPS + SS = IJV 3. Hypoglossal canal 4. foramen Magnum Contents Clinical consideration Pediatric posterior fossa tumors: Cerebellar tonsil herniation: Herniation of pons and…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Anterior Cranial Fossa : Mnemonic
Boundaries Contents Mnemonic: Remember 6 ‘C’ 1. Frontal Crest: Site of attachment of falx cerebri 2. Foramen Cecum (Between frontal crest and crista galli): Site of communication between the draining veins of nasal cavity and the superior sagittal sinus 3. Crista galli: Site of attachment for falx cerebri 4. Cribiform…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Interpretation of NCCT head: Normal findings
History: In 1972, Sir Godfrey Hounsfield developed CT scan for which he was awarded Nobel prize in 1979. Through these years CT has come from one rotation in 6 minutes to one in 0.33 seconds. Principle: X rays are produced by CT machine, which are absorbed by different tissues in…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Enchondroma vs Chondrosarcoma (low grade) : Mnemonic
Among cartilaginous tumors, 2 pathologies can be misleading when trying to reach a correct diagnosis: enchondroma (E), a benign tumor, and low-grade chondrosarcoma (LGC), which is a low-aggressivity malignancy. This can be a problem when deciding treatment because E only requires regular follow-up, but LGC needs surgical treatment. Mnemonic: ABCDE…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) : A Comprehensive Review
Introduction: Other facts: Clinical features: Diagnosis: Role of biopsy/tissue diagnosis in GIST (current consensus): Treatment: High risk features: Choices of surgery: Aim of surgery: Prognostication: Malignant potential Comments Mortality Benign Size: up to 2 cmMitosis: up to 5/50 hpf No tumor related mortality Probably benign Size: 2-5 cmMitosis: same as…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Joint Lubrication Made Easy
Boundary lubrication A monolayer of lubricant molecule (lubricin) adsorbed on each surface (boundary) of the joint prevents direct cartilage to cartilage (articular) contact Fluid-film lubrication Cartilage surfaces are separated by a fluid film 1. Hydrodynamic lubrication: 2. Squeeze film lubrication: 2. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication: Combination of hydrodynamic and squeeze film Mixed…