The above picture shows a VCUG scan which is a commonly performed test in urology for diagnosing various conditions related to urethra, bladder as well as assessing upper tracts. Diseases that can be diagnosed using VCUG includes: So, it is always better to have an idea about interpreting the scan as…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Approach and management of pediatric hydronephrosis
Pediatric hydronephrosis is a broad term and encompasses various spectrum of disease. It can be broadly classified into: Antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) It accounts for 1-3% of all pregnancies (Shamshirsaz et.al;2012) and the incidence will continue to rise due to increase use of prenatal ultrasound scan. USG is the mainstay of…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Allergies in the Family: Coping Strategies and Tips
Eye drops, nasal sprays, antihistamines, carrying your EpiPen wherever you go, avoiding certain environments like the plague, avoiding beloved pets or meticulously scanning ingredient lists for just about every food product you consume. All this and more are just another part of everyday life for people with allergies. Allergies might…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Peptic Ulcer (Johnson) Classification
Mnemonic: 1. 1 is Less 2. 2 is Two 3. 3 is Pre- 4. 4 is Door 5. 5 is 5 letter (NSAID) Type Mnemonic Location Acid hypersecretion Complications Surgery I (55%) Less Lesser curvature No Bleeding uncommon Distal gastrectomy with BI, BII or RY GJ anastomosis II (20%) Two…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Statistics – High Yield (Cheat Sheet)
Normal distribution Non-normal distribution a. Positive skew: Longer or fatter tail on right b. Negative skew: Longer or fatter tail on left 2X2 tables Disease present Disease absent Test positive TP FP Test negative FN TN Event Non-event Exposed or Treatment a b Non-exposed or Placebo c d Formulae Incidence…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Phases of Clinical Trial : Mnemonic
Clinical trials conduct ‘human experiments’. Three fundamental principles apply: Blinding: Phases: Mnemonic: I SWIM Phase Purpose Name Sample Blinding and control 0 Initial (Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics) Microdosing studies Healthy volunteers (smaller) No I Safe? (Safe maximum dose and tolerability) Human pharmacology and safety Healthy volunteers (larger) No II Works? (Efficacy)…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves
Origin: Tibial nerve (both medial and lateral plantar nerve) Similar to: Course and innervation: Medial plantar nerve Lateral plantar nerve Origin Larger branch of tibial nerve Smaller branch of tibial nerve Course Deep to abductor hallucis muscleBetween 1st and 2nd plantar layers Deep to abductor hallucis muscleBetween 1st and 2nd…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Clavipectoral Fascia
Extent: Function: Structures piercing the clavipectoral fascia: Mnemonic: CLAP Surgical relevance: