Postacchini and Massobrio Classification (Nathan Modification) Can be classified into 6 types: Type I (slight curve): Curved slightly forward with apex pointing caudally (>50% incidence) Type II (forward curve): More prominent ventral curvature with coccyx apex pointing anteriorly (8-32% incidence) Type III (sharp angle): Acute anterior angulation of coccyx but…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Morel Lavallee Lesion
Definition: Post-traumatic closed degloving injury, in which the skin and subcutaneous tissue is detached from the underlying fascia by a shearing force which can disrupt perforating vessels and nerves, creating a potential space that fills with blood, lymph, debris and fat (necrotic and/or viable). Clinical features: The diagnosis can be…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Corona Mortis
Synonym: Crown of Death Definition: Retropubic vascular anastomoses between the obturator and external iliac systems Location: Behind the superior pubic ramus at varying distance from the symphysis pubis (range 40-96 mm) Morphologies: a. Arterial corona mortis (8-65% incidence): b. Venous corona mortis (40-96% incidence): c. Combined arterial and venous corona…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Frozen Shoulder : Mnemonics
Synonym: Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder Features: Mnemonic: ICE CAPS Sequence for Manipulation under anesthesia (MUA): Mnemonic: FEAR
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Ivory Vertebra : Mnemonic
Ivory vertebra refers to diffuse and homogenous increase in opacity of a vertebral body that retains size and contour with no change is size and opacity of adjacent intervertebral discs. Mnemonic: PH FILMS 1. Paget disease of bone 2. Hemangioma 3. Fluorosis 4. Infection (tubercular spondylitis) 5. Lymphoma (usually Hodgkin’s…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Thiocolchicoside vs Tizanidine vs Baclofen for Low Back Pain
Thiocolchicoside is widely used in acute muscular low back pain due to its fast-acting and less sedative profile. Tizanidine is better suited for chronic cases but requires monitoring due to sedative and hepatic effects. Baclofen is more useful for spasticity of CNS origin and is less commonly used for routine…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Meniscal Tears on MRI
Meniscal tears are best seen on T1-weighted, gradient-echo and proton-density images. The menisci are low intensity on all sequences. Morphologies Meniscal tear morphology Description MRI appearance Horizontal Separates meniscus into superior (femoral) & inferior (tibial) fragments Primarily horizontal signal on sagittal images Vertical radial Splits central margin of meniscus Vertical…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Antibiofilm Antibiotics
Biofilms are immobile microbial communities which colonize and grow on surfaces of medical implants such as sutures, catheters and implants, by self-produced extracellular polymeric substances and cause infections which can only be treated by their removal. It provides additional resistance to the bacteria by various mechanisms like altered pH, osmolarity,…