Mnemonic: 6 LITERs Lung Capacity (TLC = 6L) = Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV = 3.3 L) + Tidal volume (TV = 0.5 L) + Expiratory reserve volume (ERV = 1 L) + Reserve volume (RV = 1.2 L) Mnemonic: There are 4 lung volumes that do not overlap and 4…
Author: Epomedicine
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Respiratory Center Simplified
Mnemonic: Boat starts and PRASaD DIVEs 1. pre-Botzinger complex Starts respiratory rhythm (pacemaker): Boat Starts Location: Between nucleus ambiguus and lateral reticular nucleus (upper medulla) 2. Pneumotaxic center Represses Apneustic center: PR-A Location: Upper pons (Nucleus parabrachialis and Kolliker-fuse nucleus) 3. Apneustic center Stimulates DRG: A-SaD Location: Lower pons 4….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Perfusion and Diffusion Limited Gas Exchange
Under resting conditions, red blood cells move through the pulmonary capillary bed in approximately 0.75 seconds (transit time), although equilibration of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in about 0.25 seconds. In a diffusion limited gas exchange situation, the alveolar gas is still equilibrating with the blood cell at the…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Sleep Stages and EEG : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: BATS Drink Blood – in sleep 1. Awake with eyes open: Beta wave (highest frequency and lowest amplitude) 2. Awake with eyes closed: Alpha wave (synchronized brain activity) 3. NREM/Slow wave/Orthodox sleep (70-80%): Stage 1 (light sleep): Theta waves Stage 2 (intermediate): Sleep spindles and K-complex Stage 3 and…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Structures passing through sciatic foramen and pudendal canal : Mnemonic
Sacrospinous ligament converts greater sciatic notch into greater sciatic foramen. Sacrotuberous ligament and sacrospinous ligament converts lesser sciatic notch into lesser sciatic foramen. Pudendal canal is a fascial canal formed by splitting of the obturator fascia and is located on the lateral wall of ischiorectal fossa. Structures passing thorugh greater…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Structures passing through Jugular foramen : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: IPS 9,10,11 MAP JOE Anterior part: IPS Inferior Petrosal Sinus Middle part: 9, 10, 11 MAP CN IX CN X CN XI Meningeal br. of Ascending Pharyngeal artery Posterior part: JOE Jugular vein (internal; lower end of sigmoid sinus) Occipital artery Emissary vein Vernet’s syndrome (Jugular foramen syndrome) Unilateral…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Lymphatic drainage of Uterus and Cervix : Mnemonic
Lymphatic drainage of the uterus is via the iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal lymph nodes. Mnemonic: USA ME LIES 1. Upper portion: Superficial inguinal and Aortic Fundus and superior uterine body: Aortic (Pre- and Para-aortic) lymph node Cornu: Superficial inguinal lymph node 2. Middle portion (Uterine body): External iliac nodes 3. Lower…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Retroperitoneal Organs : Mnemonic
Retroperitoneal organs are partly covered on one side with parietal peritoneum. They are immobile or fixed. The classification of retroperitoneal organs divides primary and secondary retroperitoneal organs due to the embryonic development – Retroperitoneal structures Mnemonic: SAD PUCKER Primary retroperitoneal structures Mnemonic: SAUKER Secondary retroperitoneal structures Clinical significance Kocher maneuver…