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Mnemonics, Simplified Concepts & Thoughts

Author: Epomedicine

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS primary bone tumors and tumor-like lesions

Differential Diagnoses of Bone Tumors : Mnemonic Approach

Epomedicine, May 31, 2019Oct 6, 2021

Lytic and Sclerotic Bone Lesions Mnemonic for Solitary lytic lesions: FEGNOMASHIC Fibrous dysplasia Enchondroma Eosinophilic granuloma Giant cell tumor Nonossifying fibroma Osteoblastoma, Osteosarcoma (telangiectatic) Metastases Myeloma Aneursymal bone cyst Simple bone cyst Hyperparathyroidism (brown tumor) Infection Chondroblastoma Chondromyxoid fibroma Mnemonic for Multiple lytic lesions: FEMHI Fibrous dysplasia Eosinophilic granuloma/Enchondroma Metastasis/Mutiple…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS type 1 and 2 error

Errors and P-value

Epomedicine, May 30, 2019Sep 27, 2021

Statistical hypotheses Null hypothesis (H0): No difference or relation exists; e.g. Treatment A is not better than Treatment B Alternative or research hypothesis (H1): Some difference or relation exists, e.g. Treatment A is better than Treatment B Statistical errors Type I error (alpha): False positive (Falsely rejecting Null-hypothesis; i.e. null…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS PPV NPV baye

Baye’s theorem derived PPV and NPV

Epomedicine, May 28, 2019Oct 26, 2022

Let’s unveil the mathematics behind the relation between: Prevalence (Pre-test probability) Predictive value (Post-test probability) Sensitivity Specificity SYMBOLS: Total screened population = nPrevalence = PSensitivity = SnSpecificity = SpTrue positive = TPTrue negative = TNFalse positive = FPFalse negative = FNWith disease = D+Without disease = D-Positive predictive value =…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS screening multiple

Screening tests in Series and Parallel

Epomedicine, May 28, 2019Aug 24, 2024

A. Parallel testing 2 screening tests are applied simultaneously: So, this test will have: B. Series testing After the 1st screening test is conducted, those who test positive are only tested with the 2nd screening test: So, this test will have: Formulae for combined specificity and sensitivity A. Parallel testing:…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS SDG goal 3

Sustainable Development Goal 3 – Points to Remember

Epomedicine, May 27, 2019Aug 13, 2024

Total SDG goals: 17 Time frame: 2016-2030 Goal 3: Good health and well beings for all ages Important targets of Goal 3 (Targeted by 2030) A. Maternal and Child health (MCH) Mnemonic: 12 letters in “NEONATE DEATH or NEWBORN DEATH“. 1. NMR reduction target: 122. U5MR reduction target: 12 X…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS key indicators nepal

Key Health Indicators of Nepal to Remember (NDHS, 2022)

Epomedicine, May 26, 2019Aug 12, 2024

These rates, ratios and proportions are often questioned in PGMEE, pediatrics, obstetrics and preventive and social medicine (PSM) or community medicine examinations. NDHS = National Demographic and Health Survey a. Neonatal mortality rate (NMR): 21 per 1000 live births (i.e. 3/4 of infant deaths) b. Infant mortality rate (IMR): 28…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS philadelphia chromosome

Oncogenic Translocations to remember

Epomedicine, May 23, 2019May 23, 2019

t(8;14): Burkitt’s lymphoma t(14;18): Follicular lymphoma t(11;14): Mantle cell lymphoma t(11,18): Marginal zone lymphoma (MALT lymphoma) t(9;22): CML (Philadelphia chromosome), Bad prognosis ALL t(8;21): AML M2 t(15;17): AML M3 (Promyelocytic AML) t(X;18): Synovial cell sarcoma t(11;22): Ewing’s sarcoma t(12;21): Pre-B ALL (good prognosis ALL) t(4;11) and t(1;19): Bad prognosis ALL

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS intercellular junctions

Cell-Cell or Interceullular Junctions

Epomedicine, May 22, 2019May 22, 2019

Junction Location Composition Function Remarks Tight junction (Zonula occludens) Epithelial cell-Epithelial cell Claudin and Occludin (attaches to cytoskeleton – actin filament) Prevents paracellular movement of solutes and diffusion Adherens junction (Zonula adherens) Epithelial cell-Epithelial cell E-cadherin (attaches to cytoskeleton – actin filament) Belt desmosome (Anchoring) Cadherins are Ca2+ depndend adhesion…

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