Mnemonic: Upset Kidneys Drink Their Pee Grade 1: reflux up to Ureter (w/o dilation) Grade 2: reflux up to Kidneys (w/o dilation) Grade 3: Dilation (ureter/pelvis/calyces) Grade 4: Tortuosity (and worse dilation) Grade 5: Papillary impression loss Source: Tweet from Ben Abelson
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Lung Cancer : Mnemonics
Types Most common cancer: Metastases Primary lung cancer: Type Frequency Location Association Features Small (oat) cell carcinoma 15% Sentral (central) Smoker Neuroendocrine differentiation (Kulchitsky cells)Aggressive (disseminate early – lymphadenopathy)Paraneoplastic syndrome (ACTH, ADH, Antibodies – Lambert eaton)InoperableChemosensitive Adenocarcinoma 40% Peripheral Non-smoker (most common) k-Ras, EGFR, ALK mutationsNodule/massHypertrophic osteoarthropathy (clubbing)Bronchio-alveolar subtype (pneumonia-like):…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Flow-Volume Loop : Mnemonics
The flow-volume loop is a plot of inspiratory and expiratory flow (on the Y-axis) against volume (on the X-axis) during the performance of maximally forced inspiratory and expiratory maneuvers. Condition Mnemonic Flow-volume loop Features Obstructive lung disease (small airways) Shift to leftConcave/Scooped out expiratory flow (↓FEV 25-75%) ↑TLC and RV↓FEV1…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Antiarrhythmics Classification (Vaughan Williams)
Understand the conducting system of heart, cardiac action potential and pacemaker action potential. Mnemonic to remember Vaughan Williams classification for anti-arrhythmic – Some Block Potassium Channel DAAM! Mnemonic Class Mechanism of action Comments Example Use Some IA Sodium channel blocker (moderate)Intermediate action Moderate ↓ phase 0 slope↑ EFR & AP…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
How to crack Postgraduate MD/MS Entrance Examination?
(Article for Nepalese/ Indian and South Asian students) Postgraduate entrance exam for MD/MS is one of the toughest examinations in Nepal. The cut throat competition, the dilemma between studying or earning, and the pressure to perform against the toppers and best minds in the country make it one of the…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Skin Malignancies : Mnemonics
Malignant Melanoma Diagnosis or Clinical features: Mnemonic: ABCDE Risk factors: Mnemonic: MM RISK Pathologic Types: Mnemonic: Melanoma Always Spreads to Nodes (in order of worsening prognosis) Mnemonic Type Incidence Site Growth pattern Melanoma Maligna – lentiginous 10-15% Face (Precursor – Hutchison’s freckles/lentigo maligna) long in-situ stage before vertical growth Always…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Jod-Basedow Phenomenon vs Wolff-Chaikoff Effect : Mnemonic
Jod = Addition in Hindi or Nepali = Iodine induced Hyperthyroidisim ChaikOFF = Thyroid hormone synthesis is switched OFF = Iodine induced Hypothyroidisim Mechanism Jod-Basedow Wolff-Chaikoff Pre-requisite Abnormal thyroid gland free from pituitary control Thyroid gland under pituitary control Conditions Endemic goitre, Grave’s disease, Toxic multinodular goitre, Thyroid adenoma Normal…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Hypertrophic Scar vs Keloid
Hypertrophic scars and keloids are both raised, firm scars formed from excess fibrinogen production and collagen during healing. Mnemonic: BAD SCARS Mnemonic Basis Hypertrophic scar Keloid B Behavior Natural regression No spontaneous regressio A Acuteness Appears in weeks Appears over months to years D Demographic All races affected More prevalent…