Mnemonic: Upset Kidneys Drink Their Pee
Grade 1: reflux up to Ureter (w/o dilation)
Grade 2: reflux up to Kidneys (w/o dilation)
Grade 3: Dilation (ureter/pelvis/calyces)
Grade 4: Tortuosity (and worse dilation)
Grade 5: Papillary impression loss
Source: Tweet from Ben Abelson
Groin is the area between abdomen and the upper thigh on either sides of pubic symphysis. Protrusions of the abdominal contents through the weak areas in this region are grouped under groin hernias. Groin Hernia can be classified into Inguinal and Femoral Hernias. Please go though another article of the…
First things first. It is essential to understand the meaning of collateral and recurrent arteries. Recurrent arteries turn back so as to reverse direction. Collateral arteries refer to side branches of the major arteries. Mnemonic: M.R. Deep On the posterior aspect of the shaft of the humerus: Profunda brachii (Deep…
11-cis-retinal combines with opsin protein to form rhodopsin. Light stimulates conversion of rhodopsin bound 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinol (all-trans-retinol is transported from photoreceptor cells to retinal pigment epithelium), which subsequently dissociates from opsin (bleaching), leading to membrane depolarization and initiation of action potential in photoreceptors in the neural retina. Once in…