Components of Coomb’s test: Mnemonic: ABCD A: Antibody (to be detected) B: Blood antigen (RBC) C: Coomb’s reagent (Anti-antibody) D: Detect agglutination Direct Coomb’s/Antiglobulin test (DAT or DCT): Mnemonic: In DAT/DCT we take A+B from patient and add C [(A+B) + C] Another Mnemonic: DCBA (Direct Coomb’s detect Blood Bound…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Protein C and S pathway – Mnemonic
Factor Va and VIIIa are different in coagulation cascade. They are the co-factors for factor Xa and IXa respectively. Another mnemonic: protein C Cuts Coagulation by Cutting Cofactors (Va and VIIIa) Protein S is cofactor for protein S. Protein C and S pathway using the mnemonic: Time To: Thrombin (factor…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Hematopoietic growth factors list with mnemonics
a. SCF (Steel factor): Multipontent stem cells b. IL-3: Myeloid stem cells (“3” turned down looks like “m“) c. IL-7: Lymphoid stem cell (“L” turned up looks like “7“) d. GM-CSF (Granulocyte macrophage Colony stimulating factor): Myeloid lineage (Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes, Granulocytes and Monocytes) Pharmaceutical: Sargramostim e. G-CSF: Granulocytes (Neutrophil, Eosinophil,…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Cell-Cell or Interceullular Junctions
Junction Location Composition Function Remarks Tight junction (Zonula occludens) Epithelial cell-Epithelial cell Claudin and Occludin (attaches to cytoskeleton – actin filament) Prevents paracellular movement of solutes and diffusion Adherens junction (Zonula adherens) Epithelial cell-Epithelial cell E-cadherin (attaches to cytoskeleton – actin filament) Belt desmosome (Anchoring) Cadherins are Ca2+ depndend adhesion…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Which statistical test to use?
Steps: Types of data Mnemonic: NOIR Qualitative or Categorical data a. Nominal (relating to name): Groups e.g. gender (male/female), color (black/white), blood groups (A/B/AB/O), religions (hindu/muslim/christian) b. Ordinal (relating to order): Rank-ordered data but without meaningful difference; e.g. socio-economic status (low, middle and high), rank (1st, 2nd and 3rd)– without…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Why is hepatitis E dangerous during pregnancy?
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infection is usually a self-limiting disease with a low rate of fulminant hepatic failure but maternal hepatitis E during the third trimester of pregnancy is a cause of fulminant hepatic failure with a mortality rate of upto 20%. Severe liver injury due to HEV in pregnancy…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Cesarean Section
Labour/Delivery– A Normal Physiological process which takes place in the body of a woman at the end of Pregnancy where the fetus is expelled out of the uterus through the Vaginal Canal. Cesarean Section/Delivery– A procedure conducted in a pregnant woman leading to Birth of a fetus through incisions given…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
National Immunization Schedule of Nepal (2024)
There should be at least 7 contacts of children (At birth, 6,10,14 weeks, 9, 12, 15 months) to health center to fully immunize as per national immunization programme of Nepal. Previously, 11 antigens were provided through national immunization program. Recently, rotavirus vaccine and fIPV (fractional IPV) has been added. Nepal is polio…