Thyroplasty is the cutting and reshaping of thyroid cartilage in various ways. Ishikki classificaiton – 4 types: Type Mnemonic Procedure Indication I M Medialization of cord (Approximation) Adductor palsy II L Lateralization of cord (Expansion) Abductor palsy III S Shortening of cord (Relaxation) Puberphonia IV L Lengthening of cord (Tensioning)…
Tag: Respiratory system
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Eponyms in Tuberculosis (TB)
Tuberculosis (TB) is a multi-systemic, granulomatous disease caused by the bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is also known as Koch’s bacillus. Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis 1. Ghon focus or lesion: Subpleural fibro-caseous lesion of lung parenchyma (common site is upper part of lower lobe or lower part of upper lobe) 2. Ghon’s…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Lung Cancer : Mnemonics
Types Most common cancer: Metastases Primary lung cancer: Type Frequency Location Association Features Small (oat) cell carcinoma 15% Sentral (central) Smoker Neuroendocrine differentiation (Kulchitsky cells)Aggressive (disseminate early – lymphadenopathy)Paraneoplastic syndrome (ACTH, ADH, Antibodies – Lambert eaton)InoperableChemosensitive Adenocarcinoma 40% Peripheral Non-smoker (most common) k-Ras, EGFR, ALK mutationsNodule/massHypertrophic osteoarthropathy (clubbing)Bronchio-alveolar subtype (pneumonia-like):…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Flow-Volume Loop : Mnemonics
The flow-volume loop is a plot of inspiratory and expiratory flow (on the Y-axis) against volume (on the X-axis) during the performance of maximally forced inspiratory and expiratory maneuvers. Condition Mnemonic Flow-volume loop Features Obstructive lung disease (small airways) Shift to leftConcave/Scooped out expiratory flow (↓FEV 25-75%) ↑TLC and RV↓FEV1…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
ABG Sampling (Radial Artery)
Start with WIPERS Then ABG 1. Allen’s test (modified): In case of Positive Allen’s test: DO NOT puncture radial artery 2. Bad things: 3. Gather equipment needed Then Procedure 1. Position: 2. Site preparation: 3. Local anesthesia (skin): Offer the patient local anesthesia – 4. ABG sampling: 5. Post sampling:
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
ALI and ARDS : Mnemonics
Diagnosis (Berlin Criteria) Mnemonic A R D S Acute Lung Injury (ALI) Acute onset (<7 days) Ratio PaO2/FiO2 ≤300 mmHg or 40 kPa Diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on CXR Swan-Ganz pulmonary wedge pressure ≤18 mmHg or No evidence of Left atrial hypertension Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Acute onset (<7…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Surface Anatomy of Pleura and Lung
Surface Anatomy of Pleura Mnemonic: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 rule 1. Starts about 2 cm above the midpoint of medial 1/3 of clavicle. 2. Meet in the midline at rib 2. 3. Left side reaches sternal line at rib 4 (to make room for heart). 4. Right side…
Case Reports 
A case of EA/TOF (esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula)
Case summary A female neonate was born via emergency cesarean section at 36 weeks of gestation. The indication of LSCS was polyhydramnios with fetal bradycardia. The birth weight of the neonate was 1700 grams following which the baby was shifted to NICU for observation. I, as a surgical resident was…