Opioid receptors are a group of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands. Mu (µ) Receptor (MOP) Mnemonic: MU CARDS Miosis eUphoria Constipation Analgesia (Supraspinal + Spinal) Respiratory depression Rigidity (truncal) Dependency Sedation µ1 mediates supraspinal analgesia, and most of other effects including spinal analgesia is mediated by µ2. Kappa…
Tag: Pharmacology
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Antidepressants Made Easy
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA) Mnemonic: -pramine, -triptyline, -pin Secondary amines: predominantly norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Nor-triptyline Desi-pramine Tertiary amines: Ami-triptyline Imi-pramine Clomi-pramine Doxe-pin Irreversible MAO Inhibitors Mnemonic: TIPS Non-selective MAO inhibitors: Tranylcypromine Isocarboxazid Phenelzine Selective MAO-B inhibitor: Selegiline (transdermal patch) Reversible Inhibitor of MAO-A (RIMA) Moclobemide Tolaxatone Tetracyclic Antidepressants Nonselective inhibitor of…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Steroid Induced Leukocytosis
Mechanism of Steroid Induced Leukocytosis There are 3 major mechanisms responsible for corticosteroid induced granulocytosis: 1. Demargination of neutrophils from endothelial cells (60% of the rise): Recall the leukocyte adhesion cascade in the chapter of inflammation. L-selectins are present in leukocytes that mediates their rolling on the endothelial lining of…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Drug Resistance TB Management Summary
Antitubercular drug symbols H = Isoniazid R = Rifampicin Z = Pyrazinamide E = Ethambutol S = Streptomycin Km = Kanamycin Cm = Capreomycin Lfx = Levofloxacin Ofx = Ofloxacin Mfx = Moxifloxacin Eto = Ethionamide PAS = Para-aminosalicylic acid Cs = Cycloserine Amx/Clv = Amoxicillin-Clavulanate Bdq = Bedaquiline Lzd…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Substance abuse vs Substance dependence
Both of these substance use disorders are maladpative patterns of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment/distress but defined by separate criteria. Substance abuse ≥1 of the following occurring within a 12 month period: Mnemonic: 4 Rs Role failure: Recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfill role obligation Risky behavior:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
BCG for Urinary Bladder Cancer and BCG sepsis
The objectives of intravesical therapy in bladder cancer is to: avoid post-TURB (Transurethral resection of bladder) implantation of tumor cells eradicate residual disease prevent tumor recurrence delay or reduce tumor progression Indications of BCG in bladder cancer: Intravesical treatment and prophylaxis of bladder CIS Prophylaxis of primary or recurrent stage Ta and/or…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Principles of Chemotherapy
Master the knowledge of clinically relevant cell cycle to understand the principles of chemotherapy. Tumors that are highly responsive to chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., testicular cancer, lymphomas) tend to have a very rapid doubling time compared to tumors that are less responsive to chemotherapy (e.g., pancreatic and prostate cancers). The tumor doubling time of metastases…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Aspirin and Clopidegrol : Perioperative Guidelines
The average lifespan of platelets is 7 to 10 days. Aspirin and Clopidegrol inhibits platelets for around 21 days. Hence, when these agents are stopped 7 days before the surgery, it allows 33% regeneration of platelets. Stents and coronary lesions act as unstable plaque until they are completely covered by…