Classification Mnemonic: Prescribed By SOFIA Propionic acid derivatives: Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Flurbiprofen, Naproxen Pyrrolo-pyrrole derivates: Ketoroloac Pyrazolone derivatives: Phenylbutazone, Oxybutazone Benzoxazocine derivatives: Nefopam Salicyaltes: Aspirin Selective COX-2 inhibitor: Celecoxib, Etoricoxib, Parecoxib Oxicam derivatives: Piroxicam, Tenoxicam Fenamic acid derivatives: Mefenamic acid (Anthranilic acid derivative) Indol derivatives: Indomethacin, Sulindac Aryl acetic acid derivatives:…
Tag: Pharmacology
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Management of Anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) induced Hepatitis
Definition of ATT induced hepatitis ALT > 3 X Normal + Symptoms OR ALT > 5 X Normal without Symptoms Management of ATT induced hepatitis 1. Hold all TB drugs for 7-10 days. Wait before restarting ATT until: Symptoms: Resolve ALT <2.5 X Normal For severe TB, patients should be…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Pregabalin vs Gabapentin
Both pregabalin and gabapentin are GABA analogues that bind to presynaptic neuron’s voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC), specifically to the alpha-2-delta protein leading to reduced calcium influx at the nerve terminals. This leads to reduced release of excitatory neurotransmitters. Though the compounds are similar they have few important differences that must…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Atropine Induced Paradoxical Bradycardia
Atropine induced paradoxical bradycardia is the sinus bradyarrhythmia following low-dose atropine resulting from the paradoxical slowing in the sinoatrial (SA) node discharge rate. Mechanism of Atropine Induced Paradoxical Bradycardia Central vagotonic effect (blocking M1 acetylcholine receptors in parasympathetic ganglion controlling SA node) of atropine which, at higher doses, is masked…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Pregabalin : Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics After oral ingestion, Pregabalin is rapidly absorbed (Tmax 1.3 hr) Bioavailability is >90% and independent of dose Pregabalin is NOT protein bound Vd is 0.4 L/kg Serum pregabalin concentrations are linearly related to dosage Pregabalin is NOT metabolized Pregabalin is primarily excreted unchanged in urine (98%) with a clearance…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Enzyme Inducers and Inhibitors : Mnemonic
Cytochrome P450 Inducers Mnemonic: SCRAP GP Sulfonylureas, Smoking Carbamazepine, Corticosteroids Rifamycins (Rifampicin, Rifabutin) Alcohol (Chronic) Phenytoin Griseofulvin Phenobarbital Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors Mnemonic 1: VIDEOCASE Valproate Isoniazid Disulfiram Erythromycin, Clarithromycin (not Azithromycin) Omeprazole Cimetidine Allopurinol Sulfonamides Ethanol (Acute) Mnemonic 2: SICKFACES.COM Sodium valproate Isoniazid Cimetidine Ketoconazole Fluconazole Alcohol (Acute) Chloramphenicol Erythromycin…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Valproic acid (Valproate) : Pharmacology
Dosage and Absorption VPA is absorbed through the small intestine, and delayed- and extended-release forms are designed to extend the dosage interval and bypass the stomach to reduce dyspepsia. The liquid and tablet forms have a more than 10-fold higher absorption rate constant than the extended-release forms and peak at…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI) Pharmacology : Mnemonics
Relative Potency in Omeprazole Equivalent (OE) Mnemonic: PLOwER Pantoprazole (4.5 mg OE) Lansoprazole (13.5 mg OE) Omeprazole (20 mg OE) Esomeprazole (32 mg OE) Rabeprazole (36 mg OE) Side effects of PPI Mnemonic: KFC Kidney (Acute interstitial nephritis) Fractures (Hypochlorhydria leading to decreased serum calcium) C. difficile infection Besides, it…