Indications Mnemonic: three Ds 1. Dead (or dying): Peripheral vascular disease (most common indication for amputation), Severe trauma (leading indication for amputation in younger patients), Burns, Frostbite 2. Dangerous (or deadly): Malignant tumors, Potentially lethal sepsis, Crush injury 3. Damned nuisance: Gross deformity, Recurrent sepsis, Sever loss of function Increase…
Tag: Orthopedics
Section Editor: Dr. Sulabh Kumar Shrestha, MBBS, PGY1 Orthopedics
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Z-effect and Reverse Z-effect in PFN
‘Z-effect’ and ‘Reverse Z-effect’ are complications relating to differential migration of screws that arise from fixation of unstable proximal femoral fractures with Proximal Femoral Nail (PFN) having 2 interlocking head screws. The 4 patterns of unstable intertrochanteric fracture hip are: Z-effect: The Z-effect involves the lateral migration of the lag…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Pathophysiology of Acute Compartment syndrome
Definition Mubarak and Hargens (1981) defined compartment syndrome as an elevation of the interstitial pressure in a closed osseofascial compartment that results in microvascular compromise. Pathophysiology Tissue perfusion = Capillary perfusion pressure – Interstitial fluid pressure 3 major theories for microvascular dysfunction and ischemia: Tissue survival: Vicious cycle of compartment…
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Natural Relief for Joint Pain: Tried and Tested Remedies
Joint pain is a common condition. This condition affects millions of people worldwide. Its causes include a variety of factors, including injury, arthritis, or wear and tear on the joints. While over-the-counter pain relievers can offer temporary relief, they often have unwanted side effects. As a result, many people are…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Dupuytren’s contracture : Mnemonics
Associations of Dupuytren’s Contracture Mnemonic: DEAFEST LIAR Dupuytren’s diathesis Mnemonic: ABCDEF Severity and recurrence risk is increased in: If all 6 diathesis risk factors are present: risk of recurrence is 71% If none of diathesis risk factors are present: risk of recurrence is 23% Involvement of fingers Mnemonic: RaSMIT In…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of Tibia (CPT)
Origin of Pathology Periosteum Clinical features Mnemonic: ABCDeF Boyd Classification Mnemonic: B-2C-2D-E I – Bowing II – Constriction (hourlgass) III – Cyst IV – Dense (Sclerotic) V – Dysplastic fibula VI – “Endosseous” (Intraosseous) neurofibroma or schwannoma Paley Classification Type Bone ends Pseudoarthrosis mobility Previous surgical intervention 1 Atrophic Mobile…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Triple deformity of Knee : Mnemonic
Triple deformity of knee consists of 3 components: 1. Flexion deformity at knee 2. Posterolateral subluxation of tibia 3. External rotation of tibia over femoral condyle Mechanism behind triple deformity of knee: Causes of Triple deformity of knee: Mnemonic: TRIPLE 1. Tuberculosis (TB) knee – commonest cause 2. Rheumatoid arthritis…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Meniscus Injury : Mnemonics
Meniscus structure Mnemonic: CD RS McMurray test Mnemonic: The heel of the foot points towards the injured meniscus Meniscus attachments in knee Each meniscus has something attached to it: Tear Patterns Mnemonic: LaHORe FC Tear pattern Description Potential to repair Longitudinal Oriented parallel to edge of meniscusa. Complete tear with…