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Mnemonics, Simplified Concepts & Thoughts

Tag: Biochemistry

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS inhibition_Lineweaver_Burk

Competitive, Non-competitive and Uncompetitive Inhibitors

Epomedicine, Aug 10, 2018Aug 18, 2024

Vmax is the maximum velocity, or how fast the enzyme can go at full ‘‘speed.’’ Vmax is reached when all of the enzyme is in the enzyme–substrate complex. Km is the substrate concentration at which v = 1/2 Vmax. Km approximately describes the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme….

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS fatty-acid-oxidation

Beta-oxidation of Fatty Acids : Simplified

Epomedicine, Jul 31, 2018

Fatty Acid Activation (Cytoplasm) Before undergoing oxidation, fatty acid must be activated first by conversion into Acyl-CoA by the action of Fatty Acyl-CoA synthase (thiokinase). ATP is converted to AMP (not ADP) – 2 ATP equivalent used Uses Mg2+ as cofactor, Co-ASH and ATP Sites of Beta-oxidation A. Mitochondria: Short/Medium…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS acetylcoa carboxylase

Fatty Acid Synthesis : Simplified

Epomedicine, Jul 30, 2018

Enzymes: Fatty acid synthase (6 enzymes and 1 Acyl carrier protein molecule) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (rate-limiting enzyme) Starting material: For palmitate synthesis: Acetyl-CoA For odd number carbon long chain fatty acid synthesis: Propionyl-CoA 2 Carbon donor: Malonyl-CoA (donates 2 C and 1 C is thrown out as CO2) Site: Cytosol Citrate…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS fatty acid

Structure of Fatty acids and Derivatives : Simplified

Epomedicine, Jul 29, 2018Jul 29, 2018

Structure Saturated fatty acid: Single bond (“S” for saturated and single bond) Unsaturated fatty acid: Double bond(s), i.e. “D” for Double bonds, Decreased melting temperature and Decreased atherosclerotic risk (by decreasing LDL) Trans-fatty acid: Unsaturated fatty acid which act like saturated fatty acid (hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid) Nomencleture: C…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS dexamethasone suppression

Understanding Dexamethasone Suppression Test

Epomedicine, Jan 30, 2017Aug 8, 2023

The Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) is based on the principle of negative feedback exerted by steroids on pituitary gland’s ACTH secretion. Negative feedback with exogenous steroid works if the cause is excessive ACTH secretion from pituitary: 1. Cushing’s disease (pituitary ACTH dependent Cushing’s syndrome): Excessive ACTH secretion by pituitary adenoma…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS urinary buffers

Most Important Urinary Buffer: Phosphate or Ammonia?

Epomedicine, Jan 27, 2017

There are multiple choice questions (mcq) which asks: What is the most important urinary buffer? And the choices include both the phosphate and ammonia. Different textbooks on physiology and biochemistry have different opinions. Some say that the most important is Phosphate and the others say Ammonia is more important. So,…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS dna replication

DNA Replication Explained With Zipper Model

Dr. Sulabh Kumar Shrestha, MS Orthopedics, Jan 25, 2017Jan 26, 2017

Imagine DNA as a zipper Prokaryotic DNA as a zipper with single slider (single origin of replication) and Eukaryotic DNA as a zipper with two sliders (multiple origin of replication). Zipper teeth: Purines and pyrimidine bases Complementary teeth pair: Complementary base pairs attached by hydrogen bonds Top stops: Origin of…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS purines and pyrimidine bases

Purine and Pyrimidines : Structure, Synthesis and Metabolism

Epomedicine, Jan 25, 2017Aug 1, 2018

Purines and Pyrimidines Bases Purines = 2 rings Adenine Guanine Hypoxanthine (Deaminated Adenine) Adenine to Hypoxanthine deamination is mediated by Adenosine deaminase which is decreased in Autosomal recessive SCID. Accumulated dATP inhibit ribonucleotide reductase leading to deficient synthesis of other deoxyribonulceotide precursors for DNA synthesis. Xanthine (Deaminated Guanine) Mnemonics: Pure…

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