This is a case of nodular episcleritis. Definition of Episcleritis: Episcleritis is defined as the benign recurrent inflammation of episclera and tenon’s capsule. Types of Episcleritis: Diffuse episcleritis Nodular episcleritis Epidemiology: Common in females compared to males Common in young adults Etiology: Non-specific immune response to irritants Idiopathic (mostly) Rheumatoid arthritis…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
Ophthalmology Spot Diagnosis: Hyphema
Definition: Accumulation of blood in the Anterior Chamber (AC). Causes: a. Post-traumatic: Trauma or surgery b. Spontaneous: Neovascularization Ocular neoplasms Vascular and clotting anomalies (leukemia, hemophilia, aspirin) Grading for Traumatic Hyphema: 0 : No layered blood, circulating RBCs only (Microhyphema) 1: Layered blood filling < 1/3 of AC 2: Layered…
Glaucoma Basics – Aqueous humor dynamics and Intraocular pressure
Volume of aqueous: 0.25 ml (Anterior chamber) + 0.06 ml (Posterior chamber) Composition of aqueous: similar to plasma except- higher concentration of ascorbate, pyruvate and lactate lower concentration of protein, urea and glucose Functions of aqueous: Maintains Intra-ocular Pressure (IOP) Provides nutrition to avascular lens and cornea Optical transparency Place…
Applied anatomy of Knee Joint
A. Osteology: 1. Femur: Largest bone in the body Distal femur possess 2 condyles of which the medial one is larger Medial epicondyle is more porminent and supports the adductor tubercle 2. Patella (Knee cap): Largest sesamoid bone Functions: fulcrum for quadriceps protects knee joint enhances lubrication and nutrition of…
Surgical landmarks for identification of facial nerve in Parotid surgery
The facial nerve (CN VII) exits the skull base through the stylomastoid foramen situated posterolaterally to the styloid process and anteromedially to the mastoid process and enters the parotid gland to divide it into a large superficial lobe and a small deep lobe. The main trunk of facial nerve enters…
Applied anatomy of Anatomical Snuff Box
Synonyms: Radial fossa, Foveola radialis Note: Depression in the humerus which receives the head of radius is also named as Radial fossa Definition: It is a triangular shaped depression in the radial or lateral aspect of the dorsum of the hand which is seen when the thumb is extended fully….
X-ray of Mastoids
While we have more sophisticated radiological techniques of examination of the mastoids, the ability to read an X-ray of mastoid is a must for the undergraduate students of the medicine. While describing an X-ray in ENT or Otorhinolaryngology, you need to comment on these points: Plain or Contrast Regions: Mastoid,…
Basics of Fluid therapy
A. Anatomy and Physiology of Body Fluid Compartments: Remember the “60-40-20” rule of body water. 1. Total body water: 60% (50-70%) of Total Body Weight Greater in lean individuals because fat contains little water Greatest percentage in newborns, then decreases with age 2. Intracellular fluid (ICF): 40% of Total Body…