Seven Killer Causes of Fever and Rash Mnemonic: SMARTTT Sepsis Meningococcemia Acute endocarditis Rocky mountain spotted fever Toxic erythemas Toxic epidermal necrolysis Travel-related infections Onset of Rash with “X” Days of Fever Mnemonic: Very Sick Person Must Take Double Eggs Varicella (Chicken pox): 1st day (rash is often 1st sign…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Erythropoiesis Simplified
Hemoglobin Switching mnemonics 1st to appear: Embryonic hemoglobin (Gower and Portland) Switch from fetal hemoglobin to adult hemoglobin: “Gamma goes, Beta becomes, Alpha always” Fetal hemoglobin: α2γ2 Adult hemoglobin: α2β2 ζ chain α chain ε chain HbE Gower 1 HbE Gower 2 γ chain HbE Portland I HbF β chain HbE Portland II…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Erythropoietin (EPO) Physiology
Structure of erythropoietin (EPO) Glycoprotein hormone 165 amino acids Molecular mass – 30 kDa Site of production/synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO) Kidneys (75-90%): Peritubular interstitial cells Liver (15%; chief source in fetus and neonates): Centrilobular hepatocytes After birth, erythropoietin is not detectable until 8-12 weeks after birth leading to physiological anaemia…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Anatomy of Middle Ear with Clinical correlation
The ear, along the evolution has modified structurally and functionally. In lower animals, they functioned as alarm systems to detect any sounds of the prey or predator so as to fix their vision and also maintain the balance of the body to prevent fall. In the course of evolution, this…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Aplastic Anemia : Review notes
Definition Failure of bone marrow to produce peripheral blood cells and its progenitors Etiology The following illustration gives a brief idea about the etiological factors of aplastic anemia Now going into each etiological factor: – Autoimmune diseases: – Either they affect all the lineages (autoimmune aplastic anemia) or a single…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) – Quick revision
New Criteria for HRS 1. Cirrhosis with ascites 2. Serum creatinine >1.5mg/dl 3. No sustained improvement in renal function after 2 days of diuretic withdrawl (if on diuretics) and volume expansion with albumin infusion at 1 gm/kg/day upto a maximum of 100 gm/day. 4. No evidence of shock 5. No…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) – Mnemonic
ASBURY CRITERIA FOR GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME (GBS) Required Criteria Mnemonic: AIDP 1. Areflexia 2. Include in differential and rule out other causes 3. Duration < 4 weeks 4. Progressive weakness of 2 or more limbs due to neuropathy Supportive criteria Mnemonic: AIDPS 1. Afebrile 2. Involvement: Mild sensory involvement Facial…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Antigenic Shift and Drift
Antigenic Drift Nature of antigenic variation: Minor Mechanism: Gradual accumulation of amino acid substitutions due to point mutation in the hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) genes. As mutations accumulate, antibodies generated by exposure to previous strains do not neutralize current strains to the same extent, resulting in only limited or…