Centor Criteria Mnemonic: CENTOr 1. Cough absent or Can’t cough = +1 2. Exudates or Enlarged tonsils = +1 3. Nodes (Swollen tender anterior cervical lymph nodes) = +1 4. Temeperature >100.4 F = +1 5. Or: <15 years = +1 15-44 years = 0 ≥45 years = -1 Scoring
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Carpal Bones Ossification: Mnemonic
Roughly one center appears per year from the age of 1 year to 7 years, anti-clockwise in right hand and clock-wise in left hand looking from the anterior surface, i.e. from ulnar side to radial side. Pisiform, being a sesamoid bone it gets left behind and only develops years later. capitate: 1-3 months hamate:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Salter Harris Classification for Physeal Fracture: Mnemonic
In children, the growth plate (physis) is a zone of cartilate situated between the epiphysis and the metaphysis of long bones. Cartilage is weaker than bone and thus is a common site of fracture. The Salter-Harris classification consists of 5 different types of growth plate fractures based on the location…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Wilm’s Tumor (Nephroblastoma) : Quick review
Wilm’s tumor is the most common primary renal tumor of childhood. Origin: Embryonic nephrogenic (mesodermal) cells Mechanism: Deletion of WT-1 gene on chromosome 11 Pathology: a. Macroscopic (Gross): large, solitary tan to grey color mass; pale on cut section with areas of hemorrhage; 10% are bilateral or multicentric; grossly difficult…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Dizziness : History and Examination
HISTORY Mnemonic: 4D-3E-2Fg-2H 1. Define “Dizziness”: Room is spinning/rocking/somersaulting – Vertigo Feel like “going to faint” – Near-syncope “Going to fall” or “Unsteady on feet” – Disequilibrium Feel like they’ve or are “left their body” or “floating/swimming” – Psychophysiologic dizziness 2. Duration of each episode: Seconds: BPPV Minutes: TIA or…
Emergency Medicine 
Pulmonary Embolism : Chest X-ray Signs
1. Classic presentation is normal X-ray in patient with dyspnea and hypoxia 2. Atelectasis or parenchymal abnormality (68%) 3. Elevated hemidiaphragm 4. Pleural effusion (Felson’s sign – pleural effusion on left > right) 5. Hampton’s hump: peripheral pleural based wedge-shaped density above the diaphragm due to pulmonary infarct 6. Westermark’s…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Modified Duke’s Criteria for Infective Endocarditis : Mnemonic
Bacterial Endocarditis FIVE PM, i.e. BE FIVE PM Blood culture positive for IE Endocardial involvement Fever Immunologic phenomena Vascular phenomena Echocardioraphy minor criteria (eliminated) Predisposition Microbiologic evidence Definite Diagnosis from Clinical Criteria: 2 (major) + 0 (minor) or 1 (major) + 3 (minor) or 0 (major) + 5 (minor) Look:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Heart Sounds – Clinically Explained
Auscultation (to listen), a clinical procedure done on a daily basis as an aid in diagnosing many disorders, dates back centuries since the Egyptians. It was then an unaided auscultation (i.e. directly applying the ear to the body). In 1800’s Dr. Rene Laennec introduced the “Stethoscope” (Chest Scope), rolled paper…