Shoulder X-ray views AP Shoulder: in plane of thorax AP in plane of scapula: Angled 45 degrees lateral Scapular Y lateral: Erect with opposite shoulder rotated 40 degrees out and beam centered on spine of scapula (shoulder dislocations and scapula fractures) Supraspinatus outlet view: Scapular Y view with beam caudally…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical Ethics : Mnemonics
4 D’s of Medical Negligence Duty Deviation/Dereliction Damage Direct cause 4 Core Principles of Medical Ethics Mnemonic: BAN Justice Beneficence Autonomy Non-maleficence Justice Some even add “Veracity or Truthfulness” and “Confidentiality” to make 6 Ethical Principles. BRAIN of Informed Consent Benefits Risks Alternatives Indications Nature 5 Cs of the Exceptions…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) : Mnemonics
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) cause non-anion gap metabolic acidosis. Type 1: H+ excretion defect (A proton or 1st element of periodic table) This occurs in distal tubule (hence, distal defect) K+ is excreted instead of H+ causing Hypokalemia. Distal tubule H+ is non-functioning – urine pH >5.5. Chronic acidosis leads…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Pelvis X-ray : Simplified Approach
Views AP pelvis: patient supine and the x-ray beam oriented 90 degrees to the patient’s long axis, passing through the patient from anterior to posterior Pubic symphysis and coccyx in straight line in middle of screen with 1-3cm between superior pubic symphysis and tip of coccyx Greater and lesser trochanters…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Nipah virus
Nipah virus is closely related to, but distinct from Hendra virus. Family: Paramyxoviridae Genus: Henipavirus History: A Nipah epidemic of viral encephalitis, complicated by respiratory failure, occurred in Malaysia in 1998 and 1999, causing 265 infections and 105 fatalities (93% had occupational exposure to pigs). An associated outbreak among abbatoir…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Definition of terms in Psychiatry
1. Speech: Ideas, thoughts, feelings expressed through language 2. Emotion: Complex phenomenon involving reactions in 3 different components: Feeling experienced by subject (joy, sadness, anger) Behavioral (expressive component) Autonomic and endocrine component 3. Affect: Objective outward expression of the immediate cross-section emotion at a given time 4. Mood: Sustained pervasive…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Proptosis : Mnemonic based Approach
Proptosis refers to the forward displacement of the eyeball beyond the orbital margin with the patient looking straight ahead. The term “Exopthalmos” is reserved for bilateral proptosis or proptosis due to thyroid eye disease. Proptosis can be evaluated using a mnemonic 15 “P”s. A) Pseudoproptosis ruled out: 1. Enlarged globe:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Hyperkalemia Management – Mnemonic Approach
Mnemonic: C BIG K D Calcium gluconate (Cardiac stabilizer) It is generally accepted that calcium should be given when there are ECG changes associated with hyperkalaemia. Calcium gluconate 10% 10-30 ml IV (1-3 gm) over 5-10 minutes (Can be repeated after 5 minutes if ECG changes persistent) 0.5 ml/kg in…