Definition of Diabetic foot According to the WHO and International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF), diabetic foot is defined as the foot of diabetic patients with ulceration, infection and/or destruction of the deep tissues, associated with neuropathy and/or peripheral artery disease in the lower extremity of a person…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Maximum Normal ESR and CRP for age and gender
Age and gender plays should be taken into account when interpreting the values of ESR and CRP. The maximum ESR value is limited by the length of the Westergren tube (usually 120 mm), but the CRP has no upper limit. Miller formulae for calculating maximum normal ESR in Adults ESR…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Surgical Site Infection (SSI) : CDC Definitions Simplified
Superficial Incisional SSI Stab wound, pin site infection or stitch abscess alone is not considered an SSI. a. Time: Occurs within 30 days after any operative procedure (where day 1 = the procedure date) AND b. Site: Involves only skin and subcutaneous tissue of the incision AND c. Infection: At…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Chronic Wounds : Mnemonic Approach
Chronic wounds are wounds that have failed to proceed through an orderly and timely reparative process to produce anatomic and functional integrity over a period of 3 months. Factors that Adversely Affect Wound Healing Mnemonic: DIDN’T HEAL Diabetes (Diminished sensation, peripheral perfusion and impaired polymorphonuclear phagocytosis) Infection Drugs (Steroids and…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Wrist Ligaments
a. Interosseous: Extend deeply, directly between two bones Radioscapholunate (RSL) aka Ligament of Testut (neurovascular conduit to SL ligament) Scapholunate (SL) and Lunotriquetral (UL) – volar, dorsal and proximal fibrocartilaginous membrane components Capitohamate (CH) b. Palmar-proximal V: Converge as an “upside-down V” from the radius/ulna to lunate Radio-luno-triquetral (RLT) –…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Shoulder X-ray views
Shoulder X-ray views AP Shoulder: in plane of thorax AP in plane of scapula: Angled 45 degrees lateral Scapular Y lateral: Erect with opposite shoulder rotated 40 degrees out and beam centered on spine of scapula (shoulder dislocations and scapula fractures) Supraspinatus outlet view: Scapular Y view with beam caudally…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical Ethics : Mnemonics
4 D’s of Medical Negligence Duty Deviation/Dereliction Damage Direct cause 4 Core Principles of Medical Ethics Mnemonic: BAN Justice Beneficence Autonomy Non-maleficence Justice Some even add “Veracity or Truthfulness” and “Confidentiality” to make 6 Ethical Principles. BRAIN of Informed Consent Benefits Risks Alternatives Indications Nature 5 Cs of the Exceptions…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) : Mnemonics
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) cause non-anion gap metabolic acidosis. Type 1: H+ excretion defect (A proton or 1st element of periodic table) This occurs in distal tubule (hence, distal defect) K+ is excreted instead of H+ causing Hypokalemia. Distal tubule H+ is non-functioning – urine pH >5.5. Chronic acidosis leads…