Physics behind MRI has been explained here: The strength of signal depends on proton density and two relaxation times T1 and T2. T1 depends on the time proton takes to return to axis of magnetic field and T2 is the time proton takes to dephase. Most of the pathological lesions…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Postoperative Febrile Morbidity After Myomectomy
Definition of febrile morbidity: Variable Temperature ≥38°c measured at least twice at an interval of at least 6 hours apart, except within the first 24 hours postoperative. It has also been defined as a body temperature of 38.0 °C or higher, taken by mouth as a standard technique at least…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
How Plastic Leachables Affect Drug Discovery Research And How to Mitigate the Risk
Imagine a small-molecule compound that performs exceptionally well in early-stage biochemical assays, only to produce inconsistent or anomalous results when the study is repeated under slightly different conditions. Before questioning the compound itself, researchers often overlook a silent variable: the plastic consumables used throughout the workflow. Tubes, plates, and flasks…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Garden Classification for Neck of Femur fractures
History Classification The Garden classification incorporates displacement, fracture completeness, and relationship of bony trabeculae in the femoral head and neck. Garden I Garden II Garden III Garden IV Displacement None None Partial Complete Fracture completeness Incomplete (medial cortex intact) Complete Complete Complete Relation of bony trabeculae Head and neck trabeculae…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Bone Cement : Basic Science
COMPOSITION Powder Liquid Polymer: PMMA Monomer: MMA Initiator: BPO Accelerator: NN-DMPT (Dimethyl paratoluidine; encourage polymer and monomer to polymerize at room temperature) Radiopacifier: BaSO4/ZrO2 Stabilizer: Hydroquinone (prevent premature polymerization) Antibiotics: Gentamicin +/- Cross-linking agent (improves mechanical strength): e.g., ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) POLYMERIZATION MECHANISM Free radical polymerization: Initiator in powder…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
DSM-5 & ICD-11 Diagnostic Criteria for Mania : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: ME DIG FAST Required symptoms: Other symptoms: Several symptoms (ICD-11) or Atleast 3 (DSM-5) of – Mania Hypomania Required duration 7 days 4 days Functional impairment Yes No Flight of ideas & Psychotic symptoms Can have No
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
DSM-5 Schizophrenia Criteria : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: 24 DHS ABc At-least 2 core symptoms with one from the first three For atleast 4 weeks Total duration of disturbance: 2 + 4 = 6 months Core symptoms:
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Staging of Gynecological Cancers : Simplified
FIGO-staging is a classification system used to describe size and extent of gynaecological cancers, using the FIGO nomenclature (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics). Carcinoma cervix Endometrial cancer Carcinoma ovary Basis of staging Clinical (examination + radiographs) Surgical (pathologic assessment) Surgical (pathologic assessment) FIGO stages 2018 2023 2014 I Confined…