A) INTRODUCTION
Empyema (aka Empyema Thoracs or Empyema of the chest) is an accumulation of pus in the pleural space that occurs when an infection spreads from the lungs. It comes from the Greek word empyein, which means : pus–producing (suppurates). Empyema itself is not a disease but it is actually a condition complicated by another disease.
B) ETIOLOGY

Lung diseases:

Pneumonia (the most common cause)
Lung abscess
Tuberculosis

Rupture of subdiaphragmatic or liver …

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are one of the major cause of maternal, fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in both the developing and developed nations. About 10-15% of pregnancies are accompanied by hypertension and if these are detected early and effective interventions are performed, the prognosis is good.
A. HISTORY:
Ask relevant questions necessary to identify the risk factors:

Maternal general
Age over 40 …

Blood pressure in Normal Pregnancy:
During middle trimester, due to the reduction in Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) and Arterio-venous (AV) shunting within the uterus and intervillous space – the Blood Pressure (BP) falls below pre-pregnancy or early pregnancy level. This is compensated by relative tachycardia. In the 3rd trimester, BP usually rises back to the pre-pregnancy level.
Criteria for diagnosis of hypertension …

Pre-eclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy, characterized by hypertension (BP > 140/90 mmHg measured 2 times with interval ≥ 6 hours) and proteinuria (urinary excretion of ≥ 0.3 gm protein/24 hour specimen or 1+ in dipstick) after the 20th weeks of gestation in a previously normotensive and non-proteinuric woman. Pre-eclampsia when complicated with generalized tonic clonic convulsion and/or coma is …