There is no need of mnemonics to remember the FAB classification of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML); just remember the process myeloid differentiation. A simple schematic diagram with few intermediate processes and stimulating factors eliminated will meet our purpose here. The cells belonging to the myeloid lineage are: Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils…
Tag: Internal medicine
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Child Pugh Score: Mnemonic and Explanation
The Child-Pugh-Turcot (CTP) score consists of 5 clinical features and is used to assess the prognosis of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Mnemonic: A BEAP Albumin (gm/dl) Bilirubin (mg/dl) Encephalopathy (Based on West Haven Criteria) Ascites Prothrombin Time (PT) Prolonged or INR Child-Pugh-Turcot Score Factor 1 point 2 points 3…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
TNM and Staging of Lung Cancer Simplified
The current staging system is recommended for the classification of both non–small cell and small cell lung carcinomas and for carcinoid tumors of the lung . TNM Staging of Lung Cancer Primary Tumor (T) The “T” staging of bronchogenic carcinoma is a bit complex compared to others. Five things must…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
TNM Classification and Cancer Staging Simplified
You must be asking yourself – “how to remember the TNM staging system?” and looking here and there for mnemonics only to find nowhere. Understanding the oncoanatomy helps to understand the staging system of the cancers. Tumor Status (T) T1 T2 T3 T4 Depth of invasion Solid organs Confined Capsule,…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma – Staging and Prognostic Factors
Costwold Modified Ann-Arbor Staging I: 1 Lymph Node (LN) region (I) or 1 Extralymphatic site (IE) II: On the same side of diaphragm – ≥2 LN region (II) or Localized Extralymphatic extension + ≥1 LN region (IIE) III: On both the sides of diaphragm – LN regions (III) ± Spleen involvement (IIIS) ± Localized…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Brown-Sequard Syndrome – Anatomical Basis
Definition of Brown Sequard Syndrome Neurological syndrome resulting from spinal cord hemisection (damage to one lateral half of spinal cord). Causes of Brown Sequard Syndrome Penetrating trauma Spinal fractures Spinal dislocation Disc herniation Vasculitis Radiation induced injury Clinical Manifestations and Anatomical Basis of Brown Sequard Syndrome 1. Damage of Corticospinal…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Lower Motor Neuron Lesion (LMNL) – Anatomical Basis
The anatomical basis of Upper Motor Neuron Lesion (UMNL) has already been discussed earlier. Similarly, we will explain the anatomical basis of clinical syndrome of Lower Motor Neuron Lesion (LMNL). A. Ipsilateral involvment: Lower motor neuron comprises of motor neurons in the anterior neurons and the fibers originating from them,…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Upper Motor Neuron Lesions (UMNL) – Anatomical Basis
For the purpose of remembering the clinical manifestations of upper motor neuron lesion (UMNL) and lower motor neuron lesion (LMNL), a mnemonic has already been devised and discussed here. Now, it’s time to understand the anatomical and physiological basis of these manifestations. Upper Motor Neuron Lesion (UMNL) Syndrome Acute Manifestations…