Major fat absorption takes place in upper small intestine (mainly jejunum and duodenum) except short chain fatty acids which is abosrbed in colon. MCT (Medium-Chain Triglyceride) – 10 to 12 Carbons long May Cross Through enterocytes and pass directly into the “Portal” circulation LCT (Long-Chain Triglyceride) – > 12 Carbons long…
Tag: Gastrointestinal system
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Gastric glands and cells
Anatomically, stomach can be divided into 3 parts from above to below: Gastric pits deepen as we move below from cardiac to pyloric glands. Mucus secreting cells: Present in all 3 glands – cardiac, fundic and pyloric but predominate in cardiac and pyloric glands. Pyloric glands have 1 more cell…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Choledochal Cysts : Mnemonic for Todani Classification
Todani Classification of Choledochal cysts Mnemonic: Consider I is “Extrahepatic” and V is “Intrahepatic”, then – Type I, II and III = Extrahepatic Type IV = Extrahepatic + Intrahepatic Type V = Intrahepatic Most common: Type I 2nd most common: Type IV Type I-III: Extrahepatic Mnemonic: 123 EDC Type…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Calot’s triangle : Mnemonic
Synonyms: Calot triangle, Cystohepatic triangle Boundaries: Cysto-hepatic triangle (Budde-Rocko triangle): Calot’s triangle as described in modern surgery: Mnemonic: 3 C 1. Cystic duct 2. Common hepatic duct 3. Cystic artery Contents: Importance: The cystic artery and the duct have to be clearly defined to obtain the ‘critical view of safety’. These…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Site of absorption of Vitamins, Minerals and Nutrients
Duodenum Calcium Thiamine Iron Protein Carbohydrate Jejunum/Proximal ileum Fat Vitamins A, D, E, K Water-soluble vitamins Folate Essential minerals Copper Zinc Phosphorous Magnesium Terminal ileum Vitamin B12 Bile salts Reference: The SAGES Manual: A Practical Guide to Bariatric Surgery edited by Ninh T. Nguyen, Eric DeMaria, Sayeed Ikramuddin, Matthew M. Hutter
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Long term PPI use : Associated risks
Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are often self-prescribed by the patients and since PPIs are available over-the-counter, patients can have free access to them and for long periods of time, without seeking medical attention. Although guidelines for OTC use suggest a short course (2 week treatment) of PPIs in patients with typical…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Gastric Carcinoma : Quick Review
Etiology and Risk factors of Gastric Carcinoma Mnemonic: 14 “A”s Animal foods (smoked, cured or preserved – contains high nitroso- compounds) Anti-oxidant poor foods Acetaldehyde in Alcohol Acid peptic disease or Antigen i.e. H.pylori Atrophic gastritis and Achlorhydria Adenomatous polyps (precursor of intestinal type of gastric cancer) A type Blood group Asians…
Emergency Medicine 
Upper GI Bleed (UGI Bleed) Scoring : Mnemonics
Blatchford Score Blatchford score is recommended by NICE for 1st assessment. Admission risk marker Score component value Blood Urea (mg/dL) 18.2-22.4 2 22.4-28 3 28-70 4 >70 6 Haemoglobin (g/L) for men 12.0-12.9 1 10.0-11.9 3 10.0 6 Haemoglobin (g/L) for women 10.0-11.9 1 10.0 6 Systolic blood pressure (mm…