Studies suggest that Retatrutide is an emerging peptide of considerable interest in the domain of metabolic research due to its complex pharmacological profile. Research indicates that with multiple functional properties, Retatrutide might offer a promising avenue for understanding metabolic processes, energy homeostasis, and various cellular mechanisms. This article explores the…
Tag: Endocrine system
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Thyroid Eye Signs : Mnemonics
Classification Mnemonic: NO SPECS Class Signs Comment 0 No eye signs or symptoms 1 Only signs of hyperthyroidism Lid lag, Lid retraction 2 Soft tissue swelling Periorbital edema; red, itchy eye 3 Proptosis 4 Extraocular muscle involvement Often results in diplopia; pain especially on upgaze 5 Corneal involvement Generally a…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Jod-Basedow Phenomenon vs Wolff-Chaikoff Effect : Mnemonic
Jod = Addition in Hindi or Nepali = Iodine induced Hyperthyroidisim ChaikOFF = Thyroid hormone synthesis is switched OFF = Iodine induced Hypothyroidisim Mechanism Jod-Basedow Wolff-Chaikoff Pre-requisite Abnormal thyroid gland free from pituitary control Thyroid gland under pituitary control Conditions Endemic goitre, Grave’s disease, Toxic multinodular goitre, Thyroid adenoma Normal…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Thyroid Gland Blood Supply : Mnemonics
Arterial supply Arterial anastomosis Venous drainage The venous plexus lies beneath the true capsule (peripheral condensation of fibrous stroma of gland). Hence, during thyroidectomy, thyroid gland is removed along with the true capsule to avert the hemorrhage. False capsule (pre-tracheal fascia) is left intact. Thyroid Arteries and Laryngeal Nerves Mnemonic:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Carcinoid Tumors : Mnemonic
Origin: Neuroendocrine cells Location: Lungs, Bronchi, Trachea, Gastrointestinal tract Synthesize: Biogenic amines (mainly serotonin which is metabolied to 5-HIAA) 5 Manifestations Mnemonic: 5-HIAAS 1. Heart disease (2/3 patients) 2. Intestinal manifestations 3. Airway obstruction 4. Asthma 5. Skin manifestations Alternative mnemonic: CARCinoid Rule of 1/3 Surgery for appendiceal carcinoid tumor…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Pheochromocytoma : Mnemonics
Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-producing tumor arising from chromaffin cells of the sympathetic nervous system derived embryologically from the primitive neural crest cells. Sites: Clinical features Mnemonic: 5 H or 7 P’s 5 H 7 P Hypertension Paroxysmal rise in pressure (BP) Headache Pain (headache) Hyperhidrosis Perspiration (hyperhidrosis) Hyperglycemia Pallor Hypermetabolism…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Glucagonoma : 6 D’s
Glucagonoma is an alpha-cell tumor of pancreas. Mnemonic: 6 D’s 1. Diabetes 2. Dermatitis (Necrolytic migratory erythema) 3. Declining weight 4. Diarrhea 5. Deep vein thrombosis 6. Dilated cardiomyopathy
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Thyroid Tumors : Mnemonics
Papillary carcinoma Follicular carcinoma Medullary carcinoma Mnemonic: MENACED Anaplastic carcinoma