We have compiled a list of equipment and items required for a musculoskeletal examination. 1. Measuring tape: For measuring limb length and girth 2. Goniometer:…
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Clinical examination
Romberg test
Tests the function of: Posterior or Dorsal column which may be impaired in: Subacute combined degeneration (SCD) of spinal cord (Vitamin B12 deficiency) Posterior cord…
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Deep tendon reflexes
Deep tendon reflexes are monosynaptic reflexes integrated at lamina IX of the spinal cord. Deep tendon reflexes may be interpreted as: Normal Diminished or absent…
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Beevor’s sign
Named after: Charles Edward Beevor Definition: Upward (Cephalad) movement of the umbilicus in a supine patient attempting either to flex the head onto the chest…
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Tanner stages : Simplified with Mnemonics
Breast Development Mnemonic: ABCDE Stage 1 – Absent development Stage 2 – Breast bud Stage 3 – Common Contour (not separated) Stage 4 – Double…
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Modified Ashworth Scale for Spasticity : Mnemonic
Ashworth scale tests resistance to passive motion about a joint with varying degrees of velocity. Modified Ashworth Scale (Bohannon and Smith, 1987) has 1+ grading…
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Social History : Mnemonics
Mnemonic: FED TACOS Food Exercise Drugs Tobacco Alcohol Caffeine Occupation Sexual history Reference and further reading: History and Physical Examination: A Common Sense Approach By…
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Mnemonic Based Approach to Joint Pain
Step 1: Arthralgia vs Arthritis Arthralgia Arthritis Symptom Diagnosis Joint pain without inflammation Joint pain with inflammation (swelling, redness, tenderness) Articular or Non-articular Articular Articular…
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