Synonyms: Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis, Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD), Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease (COAD), Smoker’s lung Definition: COPD is a lung disease characterized by airflow limitation (FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 70%) that is not fully reversible (FEV1 increase of 200 ml and 12% improvement above baseline FEV1 following administration of…
Acute Dacryocystitis : Clinical review
Definition: Acute dacryocystitis is the inflammation of the lacrimal sac which usually occurs in very young children or > 40 years Microbiology of Acute Dacryocystitis: Congenital: Hemophilus influenzae (acute – rare), Others (chronic) Adults: Acute: Staphylococcus aureus, Beta-hemolytic streptococci Chronic: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans Etiology of Acute Dacryocystitis: 1. Congenital:…
Ophthalmology Spot Diagnosis: Nodular Episcleritis
This is a case of nodular episcleritis. Definition of Episcleritis: Episcleritis is defined as the benign recurrent inflammation of episclera and tenon’s capsule. Types of Episcleritis: Diffuse episcleritis Nodular episcleritis Epidemiology: Common in females compared to males Common in young adults Etiology: Non-specific immune response to irritants Idiopathic (mostly) Rheumatoid arthritis…
Ophthalmology Spot Diagnosis: Hyphema
Definition: Accumulation of blood in the Anterior Chamber (AC). Causes: a. Post-traumatic: Trauma or surgery b. Spontaneous: Neovascularization Ocular neoplasms Vascular and clotting anomalies (leukemia, hemophilia, aspirin) Grading for Traumatic Hyphema: 0 : No layered blood, circulating RBCs only (Microhyphema) 1: Layered blood filling < 1/3 of AC 2: Layered…
Glaucoma Basics – Aqueous humor dynamics and Intraocular pressure
Volume of aqueous: 0.25 ml (Anterior chamber) + 0.06 ml (Posterior chamber) Composition of aqueous: similar to plasma except- higher concentration of ascorbate, pyruvate and lactate lower concentration of protein, urea and glucose Functions of aqueous: Maintains Intra-ocular Pressure (IOP) Provides nutrition to avascular lens and cornea Optical transparency Place…
Applied anatomy of Knee Joint
A. Osteology: 1. Femur: Largest bone in the body Distal femur possess 2 condyles of which the medial one is larger Medial epicondyle is more porminent and supports the adductor tubercle 2. Patella (Knee cap): Largest sesamoid bone Functions: fulcrum for quadriceps protects knee joint enhances lubrication and nutrition of…
X-ray Soft Tissue Neck
Anatomy: Retropharyngeal space: Extends from the base of the skull down to the level of the carina, and is located between the buccopharyngeal mucosa and the prevertebral fascia. Prevertebral space: A potential space that is located between the anterior aspect of the vertebral body and the prevertebral fascia. It is located directly posterior to…
Case Reports 
A Case of Rheumatic Fever
A 12 year old female came with complaints of multiple joint pain for 10 days which started in the left knee and resolved within 3 days, then started on the bilateral ankles which also resolved in 3 to 4 days and started on the right knee. She currently complains of…