Synonyms: Thyroglossal cyst, Thyrolingual cyst, Thyroglossal duct remnant, TGDC, TDC, TGDR Definition: Thyroglossal duct cyst is a congenital malformation that occurs due to incomplete closure of the thyroglossal duct which presents as a cystic midline neck swelling at birth. Thyroglossal fistulas are usually recognized by their external opening (typically located…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Differential diagnoses of Neck Swellings
Triangles of Neck The following anatomic points define the anterior compartment/triangle of the neck: Contents: larynx, trachea, esophagus, thyroid and parathyroid glands, carotid sheath, and suprahyoid and infrahyoid strap muscles. Submandibular triangle: region contained in the anterior neck bordered by the inferior margin of the mandible and the digastric, stylohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles. This region contains…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Glaucomatous Optic Disc Changes Made Simple
Optic disc changes in Glaucoma is one of the most frequently asked topics in Ophthalmology. However, students are often found to have difficulty in understanding and remembering them. Hence, I came up with an idea to illustrate them with schematic diagrams and mnemonics to simplify the topic. The diagrams are…
Case Reports 
Ophthalmology Spot Diagnosis: Buphthalmos
A. Synoynms: Hydrothalmos, Congenital glaucoma B. Definiton: Buphthalmos is the enlargement of the eye due to congenital glaucoma. C. Classification: True congenital glaucoma (Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) during intrauterine life) Infantile glaucoma (Birth to 3 years) Juvenile glaucoma (>3 years) D. Pathogenesis: Isolated trabeculo-dysgenesis: Absence of angle recess; iris inserted…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Epistaxis Basics : Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology
Synonyms: Nosebleed, Nasal bleeding Definition: Epistaxis is defined as bleeding from the nasal cavity. It ranges from minor blood-tinged mucus when blowing the nose to life-threatening hemorrhage. Epidemiology: Age: Bimodal distribution – common in <10 years and >60 years Season: Winter Anatomy and Physiology: Why is the nose prone to…
Case Reports 
Case Discussion on Central Diabetes Insipidus
A 12 year old female patient came to OPD with the chief complaints of increased thirst and increased frequency of urination for last 1 year. She drank about 10-11 liters of water everyday and passed similar amount of urine with a frequency of 10-12 episodes on daytime and 3-4 episode…
Emergency Medicine 
Do and Don’t during episode of seizure
During and after an episode of seizure, (epilepsy, fit or convulsion), here are few recommended things that you should do and you shouldn’t do. Dos Protect the person from injury- remove harmful objects from nearby Place something soft such as folded sweater below the head Help the person to breath…
Case Reports 
Basal Cell Adenoma of Parotid Gland: Case Report and Review of Literature
Bidhan Sigdel, Sulabh Shrestha, Amrit Devkota Fourth Year MBBS, KISTMCTH ABSTRACT Basal Cell Adenoma (BCA) accounts for 1-2% of salivary gland tumor .BCA is rare benign epitheloid neoplasm of salivary gland, which was first described and documented as distinct clinical and pathological entity by Kleinsasser and Klein in 1967 and…