It all began in a tour of Led Zeppelin – the craftsmen of one of the most popular rock songs of the past 40 years – “Stairway to Heaven”. The audience on the front row were nodding their heads against the rhythm of their music and that was when the…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Summary of Clinical Tests and Signs in Orthopedics
Adson’s test: for thoracic outlet syndrome Allen’s test: for testing patency of radial and ulnar arteries Alli’s test: for DDH Anvil test: for testing tenderness of the spine Ape thumb: for median nerve injury Apley’s grinding test: for meniscus injury Apprehension test: for recurrent dislocation of the shoulder Barlow’s test:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Glaucoma basics : Classification of Glacuoma
Definition: Glaucoma is a group of disorders characterized by a progressive optic neuropathy resulting in a characterstic appearance of the optic disc and a specific pattern of irreversible visual field defects that are associated frequently but not invariably with raised intraocular pressure (IOP). It is one of the commonest cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Open-angle…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Trendelenburg test or sign
Method: The patient is then asked to stand on one leg and bend the opposite knee to 90° without flexing the hip. This action eliminates the role of hip flexors as they play a role in pelvic stability and may affect the Trendelenburg sign. The test is then repeated by…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Bryant’s triangle (Examination of Hip)
Synonyms: Iliofemoral triangle Position: The patient lies supine with the pelvis square, and the limbs in identical position. Points of the Bryant’s triangle: The Bryant’s triangle is a right angled formed by: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) Tip of Greater trochanter Junction of perpendiculars from the 2 points above (1st draw…
Surgical Skills 
Pterygium Excision
Indications for surgery: 1. Reduced vision secondary to: Threatens visual axis: Pterygium advancing toward or already impinging visual axis Induced astigmatism: Due to flattening of meridian of pterygium by fibrosis in atrophic stage 2. Cosmesis 3. Significant discomfort not relieved by medical therapy 4. Diplopia: Resulting from limited ocular motility…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Thyroidectomy Basics
Synonyms: Thyroid resection surgery, Thyroid removal surge Definition: Thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. A “thyroidectomy” should not be confused with a “thyroidotomy” (“thyrotomy”), which is a cutting into the thyroid, to get access for a median laryngotomy, or to perform a biopsy. Indications: Proven neoplasm…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Applied Anatomy of Submandibular Salivary Gland
Synonyms: Submaxillary gland (SMG), Mandibular gland Definition: Submandibular glands are one of the major salivary glands comprised of mixed serous and mucous acini and located below the lower border of the body of mandible. It is the second largest salivary gland and produces approximately 70% of the saliva. Location: Submandibular triangle…